Aristophanes | |
|---|---|
 Patung Aristophanes (abad pertama Masihi) | |
| Kelahiran | s. 446 SM Athens, Greece |
| Meninggal dunia | s. 386 SM (umur kira-kira 60 tahun) |
| Pekerjaan | Pengarang lakon (komedi) |
| Tahun aktif | 427 SM – 386 SM |
| Terkenal kerana | Pengarang lakon dan pengarah Komedi Lama |
Karya |
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| Catatan kaki / rujukan | |
| Walaupun banyak persembahan seniman tentang Aristophanes melakonkan wataknya dengan rambut keriting panjang, beberapa jenaka dalam lakonnya menunjukkan beliau mungkin botak pramatang.[1] | |
Aristophanes (/ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz/;[2] Ἀριστοφάνης, aristopʰánɛːsaristopʰánɛːsaristopʰánɛːs; s. 446 – s. 386 SM) ialah pengarang lakon komedi Yunani Purba dari Athens dan pemuisi Komedi Loteng Lama.[3] Beliau menulis sejumlah 40 lakon dan 11 lakon hampir terselamat lengkap hari ini. Ini memberikan contoh yang paling berharga bagi genre drama komedi yang dikenali sebagai Komedi Lama and are used to define it, bersama dengan cebisan daripada berdozen-dozen lakon yang hilang oleh Aristophanes dan rakan sebayanya.[4]
Juga dikenali sebagai "Bapa Komedi"[5] dan "Putera Komedi Purba",[6] Aristophanes dikatakan mencipta semula kehidupan Athens purba dengan lebih meyakinkan daripada mana-mana pengarang yang lain.[7] Kuasanya untuk mencemuh ditakuti dan diakui oleh rakan sebayanya yang berpengaruh; Plato memilih lakon Aristophanes The Clouds sebagai fitnah yang merupakan antara sebab perbicaraan dan hukum mati Socrates, walaupun other pengarang lakon satira[8] yang lain juga mengkarikaturkan ahli falsafah tersebut.
Lakon kedua Aristophanes, The Babylonians (kini hilang), dikecam oleh Cleon sebagai fitnah terhadap polis Athens. Boleh juga kes tersebut didebatkan di mahkamah tetapi butiran perbicaraannya tidak dirakam dan Aristophanes mengkarikaturkan Cleon tanpa belas kasihan dalam lakonnya yang berikut, terutamanya The Knights, lakon pertama yang beliau arahkan sendiri. "Pada pendapat saya," beliau berkata melalui Chorus lakon, "pengarang pengarah komedi mempunyai kerja yang paling sukar."[9]
Nota
- ^ Barrett 1964, halaman 9
- ^ Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter (2006). James Hartman; Jane Setter (penyunting). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (ed. 17th). Cambridge UP..
- ^ Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Infobase Publishing. m/s. 81. ISBN 978-1438126395.
- ^ K. J. Dover, penyunting (1970). Aristophanes: Clouds. Oxford University Press. Intro. p. x.
- ^ Edith Hall; Amanda Wrigley (2007). Aristophanes in Performance 421 BC – AD 2007: Peace, Birds and Frogs. Oxford: Legenda. m/s. 1.
- ^ Ebenezer Cobham Brewer. "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". manybooks.net.
- ^ Barrett 2003
- ^ Sommerstein, Alan, penyunting (1973). Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds. Penguin Books. m/s. 16.
- ^ "κωμῳδοδιδασκαλίαν εἶναι χαλεπώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων." F. W. Hall; W. M. Geldart (penyunting). Aristophanis Comoediae, Tomus 1. Oxford Classical Texts. "Knights" line 516
Rujukan
- Andrewes, Antony (1981), Greek Society, Pelican Books
- Aristophanes (1970). Dover, K. J. (penyunting). The Clouds. Oxford University Press.
- Aristophanes (1906), Hall FW; Geldart WM (penyunting), Aristophanis Comoediae Tomus 1, Oxford University Press
- Barrett, David (1964). The Frogs and Other Plays. Penguin Books.
- Barrett, David; Sommerstein, Alan, penyunting (2003). The Birds and Other Plays. Penguin Classics.
- Dover, K. J. (1970). Aristophanic Comedy. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520022119.
- Hall, Edith & Wrigley, Amanda (2007). Aristophanes in Performance 421 BC – AD 2007: Peace, Birds and Frogs. Legenda (Oxford).
- Handley, E. (1985), "Comedy", The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature, Cambridge University Press
- Irvine, Andrew David (2008). Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Kassel, Rudolf; Austin, Colin (1984), Poetae Comici Graeci, III.2, De Gruyter (Berlin)
- Konstan, David (1995), Greek Comedy and Ideology, Oxford university Press US
- Lamb, W. R. M. (1975), Plato, 3, Loeb Classical Library
- Levi, P. (1986), "Greek Drama", The Oxford History of the Classical World, Oxford University Press
- MacDowell, Douglas M. (1978). Wasps (ed. First Edition, Second Impression). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198141822.
- Parker, L. P. E. (1997), The Songs of Aristophanes, Oxford University Press
- Reckford, Kenneth J. (1987), Aristophanes' Old-and-new Comedy, UNC Press
- Rennie, W. (1909), The Acharnians of Aristophanes, Edward Arnold (reproduced by Bibliolife)
- Rosen, Ralph (1999), "Introduction", Aristophanes, 3, University of Pennsylvania Press (Penn Greek Drama Series)
- Silk, M. S. (2002), Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy, Oxford University Press
- Somerstein, Alan (1973), Aristophanes: Lysistrata, The Acharnians, The Clouds, Penguin Books
- Storey, Ian (1998), "Introduction", Clouds, Wasps, Birds By Aristophanes, translation by Peter Meineck, Hackett Publishing
- Van Steen, Gonda (2007), "Politics and Aristophanes: watchword Caution!", The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre, Cambridge University Press
- Welsh, D. (1983), "IG ii2 2343, Philonides and Aristophanes' Banqueters", Classical Quarterly, 33
- David, Ephraim (1984). Aristophanes and Athenian Society of the Early Fourth Century B.C. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
- Edwards, Anthony T. (1991). "Aristophanes' comic poetics". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 157–179. doi:10.2307/284450. JSTOR 284450.
- Jeffrey Henderson, Professor of Classics at University of Southern California (1991). The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536199-5.
- reviewed by W. J. Slater, Phoenix, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 291–293
- Lee, Jae Num. "Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais" and "English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope." Swift and Scatological Satire. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1971. 7–22; 23–53.
- Loscalzo, Donato (2010). Aristofane e la coscienza felice. Edizioni dell'Orso. ISBN 978-88-6274-245-0.
- Aristophanes and the Comic Hero by Cedric H. Whitman Author(s) of Review: H. Lloyd Stow The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Jan. 1966), pp. 111–113
- MacDowell, Douglas M. (1995). Aristophanes and Athens: An Introduction to the Plays. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198721598.
- Murray, Gilbert (1933). Aristophanes: A Study. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
- Platter, Charles (2006). Aristophanes and the Carnival of Genres. JHUP. ISBN 978-0-8018-8527-3.
- G. M. Sifakis The Structure of Aristophanic Comedy The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 112, 1992 (1992), pp. 123–142
- Taaffe, L. K. (1993). Aristophanes and Women. London and New York: Routledge.
- Ussher, Robert Glenn (1979). Aristophanes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Van Steen, Gonda. 2000 Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton University Press.
- Jstor.org, The American Journal of Philology, 1996.
- Life, death and Aristophanes' concept of Eros in Saul Bellow's "Ravelstein".
Bacaan lanjut
- The Eleven Comedies (in translation) at the University of Adelaide Library
- Aristophanes; Holden, Hubert Ashton (1868). Comoediae quae supersunt cum perditarum fragmentis (dalam bahasa Latin). Cantabrigia.
- Dübner, Friedrich, penyunting (1883). Scholia graeca in Aristophanem. Parisiis Editore.
Pautan luar
Karya ditulis oleh atau mengenai Aristophanes di Wikisource
Petikan kata berkenaan Aristophanes di Wikiquote
Media berkenaan Aristophanes di Wikimedia Commons- Works by or about Aristophanes at the Internet Archive
- Works by Aristophanes at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Aristophanes at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by Aristophanes at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Aristophanes di Pangkalan Data Filem Internet (IMDb)
Templat:Aristophanes PlaysTemplat:Lysistrata
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