Operasi Citadel - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Operasi Citadel
	Sebahagian daripada Pertempuran Kursk di Perbatasan Timur Perang Dunia II
	; Kenderaan separuh trek Sd.Kfz. 10 Jerman menarik meriam semasa operasi
Tarikh	5–12 Julai 1943 (Bahagian utara: 1 minggu); 5–17 Julai 1943 (Bahagian selatan: 1 minggu 5 hari)
Lokasi	Kursk, RSPS Rusia, Kesatuan Soviet
Keputusan	Kemenangan Soviet
Perubahan; wilayah	Soviet menghalang penerobosan Jerman dan menyebabkan kerugian besar terhadap tentera Jerman
Pihak yang terlibat
Jerman	Kesatuan Soviet
Komandan dan pemimpin
Erich von Manstein; Günther von Kluge; Hermann Hoth; Werner Kempf; Walter Model;	Georgy Zhukov; K.K. Rokossovsky; Nikolai Vatutin; Ivan Konev; Pavel Rotmistrov;
Kekuatan
Operasi Citadel: 780,900 orang; 2,928 kereta kebal; 9,966 meriam dan mortar; ;	Operasi Citadel: 1,910,361 orang; 5,128 kereta kebal; 25,013 meriam dan mortar; ;
Kerugian dan korban
Operasi Citadel: 54,182 orang; 323 kereta kebal dan meriam serbuan musnah; Antara 600–1,612 kereta kebal dan meriam serbuan rosak; 159 pesawat; ±500 meriam; ; Pertempuran Kursk: 45,444 terbunuh atau hilang dan 119,843 cedera (mengikut data perubatan tentera Jerman); Jumlah 165,287 orang Anggaran 760 kereta kebal dan meriam serbuan musnah; ; 681 pesawat (5–31 Julai); ;	Operasi Citadel: 177,847 orang; 1,614–1,956 kereta kebal dan meriam serangan musnah; 459 pesawat; ~1,000 pesawat; ; Pertempuran Kursk: 254,470 terbunuh, hilang atau ditawan; 608,833 cedera atau sakit; Jumlah 863,000 orang; 6,064 kereta kebal dan meriam serbuan musnah atau rosak; 1,626–1,961 pesawat; 5,244 meriam; ;

Operasi Citadel (Jerman: Unternehmen Zitadelle) ialah operasi penyerangan Jerman pada Julai 1943 terhadap angkatan Soviet di kawasan sesusuh Kursk, yang dicadangkan oleh Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein semasa Perang Dunia II di Perbatasan Timur yang mencetuskan Pertempuran Kursk. Operasi pertahanan terancang yang dilaksanakan Soviet untuk menangkis serangan Jerman dikenali sebagai Operasi Pertahanan Strategik Kursk. Penyerangan Jerman itu ditentang oleh dua penyerangan balas Soviet, Operasi Polkovodets Rumyantsev (Rusia: Полководец Румянцев) dan Operasi Kutuzov (Rusia: Кутузов). Bagi pihak Jerman, pertempuran ini merupakan ofensif strategik terakhir yang mampu mereka lancarkan di Barisan Timur. Ketika Penyerbuan Bersekutu ke atas Sicily bermula, Adolf Hitler terpaksa mengalihkan pasukan yang sedang berlatih di Perancis untuk menghadapi ancaman Bersekutu di Mediterranean, dan bukannya menggunakan mereka sebagai simpanan strategik bagi Barisan Timur.^[19] Kehilangan besar Jerman dari segi anggota dan kereta kebal semasa operasi ini telah menyebabkan Tentera Merah Soviet berjaya mendapatkan inisiatif strategik untuk baki peperangan.

Jerman berharap untuk melemahkan potensi ofensif Soviet bagi musim panas 1943 dengan memutuskan sebahagian besar angkatan yang mereka jangkakan akan berada di dalam kawasan sesusuh Kursk.^[20] Kawasan sesusuh atau keluk Kursk itu berukuran kira-kira 250 kilometer (160 bt) panjang dari utara ke selatan dan 160 kilometer (99 bt) dari timur ke barat.^[21] Rancangan tersebut membayangkan satu pelitupan melalui sepasang serangan mengepit yang menembusi sayap utara dan selatan keluk tersebut.^[22] Hitler percaya bahawa kemenangan di sini akan mengukuhkan semula kekuatan Jerman dan meningkatkan prestijnya di mata sekutunya, yang pada ketika itu sedang mempertimbangkan untuk menarik diri daripada peperangan.^[23] Ia juga diharapkan bahawa sebilangan besar tawanan perang Soviet dapat ditangkap untuk dijadikan buruh paksa dalam industri persenjataan Jerman.^[24]

Kerajaan Soviet mempunyai pengetahuan awal tentang niat Jerman, sebahagiannya disalurkan oleh perkhidmatan perisikan British, maklumat yang dihantar melalui Rangkaian perisik Lucy, dan pintasan Tunny. Menyedari beberapa bulan lebih awal bahawa serangan itu akan jatuh ke bahagian leher keluk Kursk, Soviet membina pertahanan secara mendalam yang direka untuk melemahkan pasukan penggempur armor Jerman.^[25] Jerman menangguhkan serangan sementara mereka cuba mengukuhkan angkatan mereka dan menunggu ketibaan senjata baharu, terutamanya kereta kebal Panther tetapi juga bilangan yang lebih besar kereta kebal berat Tiger.^[26]^[27]^[28] Ini memberikan Tentera Merah masa untuk membina siri benteng pertahanan mendalam. Persediaan pertahanan termasuk medan periuk api, kubu, zon tembakan artileri dan kubu kuat anti-kereta kebal, yang meliputi kira-kira 300 km (190 bt) dalam.^[29] Formasi mudah alih Soviet dialihkan keluar dari kawasan sesusuh dan satu pasukan simpanan besar dibentuk untuk penyerangan balas strategik.^[30]

Nota

^ Menggambarkan kemenangan Soviet, sejarawan Antony Beevor menulis bahawa, "Tentera Jerman telah menerima hentaman teruk ... orang Jerman tidak mempunyai pilihan selain berundur ke garisan Sungai Dnepr, dan mula menarik baki angkatan mereka keluar daripada kepala jambatan yang ditinggalkan di Semenanjung Taman".^[1]
^ ^a ^b Operation Citadel refers to the German offensive from 4 to 16 July, but Soviet losses are for the period of 5–23 July.
^ The breakdown as shown in Frieser (2007, p. 154) is as follows: 9,063 KIA, 43,159 WIA and 1,960 MIA.
^ ^a ^b The whole Battle of Kursk refers to the period of the German offensive (Operation Citadel) and the subsequent Soviet counteroffensives, from 4 July to 23 August.
^ Jumlah sebenar tidak diketahui; keseluruhan Barisan Timur Jerman kehilangan 1,331 kereta kebal dan meriam serangan pada Julai dan Ogos, jadi angka 760 adalah anggaran.Frieser 2007, halaman 201
^ Angka bagi 5–31 Julai, seperti diberikan oleh staf logistik Luftwaffe (Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe).
^ The breakdown as shown in Krivosheev (1997, pp. 132–134) is as follows: Kursk-defence: 177,847; Orel-counter: 429,890; Belgorod-counter: 255,566.
^ The breakdown as shown in Krivosheev (1997, p. 262) is as follows: Kursk-defence; 1,614. Orel-counter; 2,586. Belgorod-counter; 1,864.

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Air operation" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b ^c Beevor 2012, m/s. 485.
^ ^a ^b Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 338.
^ ^a ^b Glantz & House 1995, m/s. 165.
^ ^a ^b Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 337.
^ ^a ^b ^c Frieser 2007, m/s. 154.
^ Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 276.
^ Bauman 1998, m/s. 5–15.
^ Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. Alaric Searle
^ Clark 2012, m/s. 408.
^ "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1943" Diarkibkan 25 Mei 2013 di Wayback Machine. World War II Stats. Dicapai 4 Julai 2015.
^ Bergström 2008, m/s. 120.
^ Krivosheev 2001, m/s. Kursk.
^ Krivosheev 2001, m/s. Weapons and military equipment. Production and loss.
^ ^a ^b Frieser 2007, m/s. 150.
^ ^a ^b ^c Krivosheev 2001.
^ Koltunov & Solov'ev 1970, m/s. 366.
^ Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 132–134.
^ Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 262.
^ Dunn 1997, m/s. 191.
^ Glantz & Orenstein 1999, m/s. 1.
^ Glantz & House 1995, m/s. 157.
^ Nipe 2011, m/s. 6.
^ Healy 2010, m/s. 42.
^ Healy 2010, m/s. 90.
^ Healy 2010, m/s. 65.
^ Newton 2002, m/s. 12.
^ Dunn 1997, m/s. 94.
^ Kasdorf 2000, m/s. 16.
^ Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 64–67.
^ Glantz 1989, m/s. 149–159.

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Pautan luar

Media berkenaan Operasi Citadel di Wikimedia Commons

[2] Menggambarkan kemenangan Soviet, sejarawan Antony Beevor menulis bahawa, "Tentera Jerman telah menerima hentaman teruk ... orang Jerman tidak mempunyai pilihan selain berundur ke garisan Sungai Dnepr, dan mula menarik baki angkatan mereka keluar daripada kepala jambatan yang ditinggalkan di Semenanjung Taman".^[1]

[ReferenceA-6] Operation Citadel refers to the German offensive from 4 to 16 July, but Soviet losses are for the period of 5–23 July.

[Breakdown_3-8] The breakdown as shown in Frieser (2007, p. 154) is as follows: 9,063 KIA, 43,159 WIA and 1,960 MIA.

[KurskA-13] The whole Battle of Kursk refers to the period of the German offensive (Operation Citadel) and the subsequent Soviet counteroffensives, from 4 July to 23 August.

[15] Jumlah sebenar tidak diketahui; keseluruhan Barisan Timur Jerman kehilangan 1,331 kereta kebal dan meriam serangan pada Julai dan Ogos, jadi angka 760 adalah anggaran.Frieser 2007, halaman 201

[17] Angka bagi 5–31 Julai, seperti diberikan oleh staf logistik Luftwaffe (Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe).

[Breakdown_4-24] The breakdown as shown in Krivosheev (1997, pp. 132–134) is as follows: Kursk-defence: 177,847; Orel-counter: 429,890; Belgorod-counter: 255,566.

[Breakdown_5-26] The breakdown as shown in Krivosheev (1997, p. 262) is as follows: Kursk-defence; 1,614. Orel-counter; 2,586. Belgorod-counter; 1,864.

[FOOTNOTEBeevor2012485-1] Beevor 2012, m/s. 485.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2004338-3] Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 338.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995165-4] Glantz & House 1995, m/s. 165.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2004337-5] Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 337.

[FOOTNOTEFrieser2007154-7] Frieser 2007, m/s. 154.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2004276-9] Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 276.

[FOOTNOTEBauman19985–15-10] Bauman 1998, m/s. 5–15.

[11] Armoured Warfare: A Military, Political and Global History. Alaric Searle

[FOOTNOTEClark2012408-12] Clark 2012, m/s. 408.

[ww2-14] "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1943" Diarkibkan 25 Mei 2013 di Wayback Machine. World War II Stats. Dicapai 4 Julai 2015.

[FOOTNOTEBergström2008120-16] Bergström 2008, m/s. 120.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev2001[httpswebarchiveorgweb20100227094906httpwwwsoldatrudoccasualtiesbookchapter5_10_1html_Kursk]-18] Krivosheev 2001, m/s. Kursk.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev2001[httpswebarchiveorgweb20100329013036httpwwwsoldatrudoccasualtiesbookchapter5_13_09html_Weapons_and_military_equipment._Production_and_loss]-19] Krivosheev 2001, m/s. Weapons and military equipment. Production and loss.

[FOOTNOTEFrieser2007150-20] Frieser 2007, m/s. 150.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev2001-21] Krivosheev 2001.

[FOOTNOTEKoltunovSolov'ev1970366-22] Koltunov & Solov'ev 1970, m/s. 366.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997132–134-23] Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 132–134.

[FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997262-25] Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 262.

[FOOTNOTEDunn1997191-27] Dunn 1997, m/s. 191.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzOrenstein19991-28] Glantz & Orenstein 1999, m/s. 1.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse1995157-29] Glantz & House 1995, m/s. 157.

[FOOTNOTENipe20116-30] Nipe 2011, m/s. 6.

[FOOTNOTEHealy201042-31] Healy 2010, m/s. 42.

[FOOTNOTEHealy201090-32] Healy 2010, m/s. 90.

[FOOTNOTEHealy201065-33] Healy 2010, m/s. 65.

[FOOTNOTENewton200212-34] Newton 2002, m/s. 12.

[FOOTNOTEDunn199794-35] Dunn 1997, m/s. 94.

[FOOTNOTEKasdorf200016-36] Kasdorf 2000, m/s. 16.

[FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse200464–67-37] Glantz & House 2004, m/s. 64–67.

[FOOTNOTEGlantz1989149–159-38] Glantz 1989, m/s. 149–159.

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