Dasar | Kesatuan Eropah |
---|---|
Jenis | Kawasan sempadan terbuka |
Diasaskan | 1995 |
Negara ahli | |
Keluasan | 4,595,131 kilometer persegi (1,774,190 bt2) |
Kependudukan | 453,324,255 |
Kawasan Schengen (Jawi: کاوسن شيڠن ) ialah kawasan yang terdiri daripada 29 buah negara dalam benua Eropah yang telah menghapuskan pasport dan semua jenis kawalan sempadan lain di sempadan yang dikongsi bersama negara-negara ini. Kawasan ini bertujuan utama sebagai satu negara untuk tujuan perjalanan antarabangsa dengan dasar visa yang sama. Kawasan ini dinamakan sempena Perjanjian Schengen ditandatangani di kota senama di Luxembourg.[1] Negara-negara dalam kawasan ini telah memperkuatkan kawalan sempadan dengan negara-negara lain yang tidak termasuk dalam kawasan ini.
Sebanyak 25 daripada 27 buah negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah mengambil bahagian dalam kawasan ini. Satu-satunya negara anggota Kesatuan yang masih bukan sebahagian daripada Kawasan Schengen ialah Cyprus dan Ireland: Cyprus diwajibkan secara sah menyertai pada masa hadapan, manakala Ireland menarik diri sambil mengendalikan polisi visanya sendiri. Empat anggota Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah iaitu Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway dan Switzerland tidak memasuki Kesatuan Eropah namun telah menandatangani perjanjian yang berkait dengan Perjanjian Schengen. Tiga buah negara mikro dalam Eropah iaitu Monaco, San Marino dan Kota Vatikan boleh dianggap sebagai negara ahli secara de facto.
Kawasan ini mempunyai penduduk sebanyak lebih dari 450 juta orang dan berkeluasan sebanyak 4,595,131 kilometer persegi (1,774,190 bt2).[2] Sebanyak 1.7 juta orang berulang-alik merentasi sempadan politik dalam Eropah untuk tujuan kerja setiap hari, dan di beberapa kawasan orang-orang ini merupakan sehingga ketiga tenaga kerja. Setiap tahun, terdapat sejumlah 1.3 bilion lintasan sempadan Schengen dalam keseluruhannya; di mana 57 juta lintasan daripadanya adalah untuk tujuan pengangkutan darat barang dagangan bernilai €2.8 trilion setiap tahun.[3][4] Penurunan kos perdagangan disebabkan penguatkuasaan Schengen berbeza dari 0.42% hingga 1.59% bergantung pada geografi, perdagangan dan faktor lain. Negara-negara di luar kawasan ini turut mendapat manfaatnya.
Sejarah
Perjanjian Schengen telah ditandatangani pada 14 Jun 1985 oleh lima daripada sepuluh negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah[5] di bandar Schengen, Luxembourg. Kawasan ini didirikan secara berasingan daripada Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah, apabila kata sepakat tidak dapat dicapai di antara semua negara anggota Komuniti Eropah mengenai penghapusan kawalan sempadan dalam negara anggota.
Pada tahun 1990, perjanjian ini disampingkan bersama Konvensyen Schengen yang mencadangkan penghapusan kawalan sempadan dalaman serta sebuah dasar visa yang sama.[6] Perjanjian ini serta peraturan yang dipakai di bawahnya terpisah sepenuhnya daripada struktur Komuniti tersebut, lalu membawa kepada pembentukan Kawasan Schengen pada 26 Mac 1995.[7]
Keahlian
Kawasan Schengen terdiri daripada 29 buah negara, termasuk empat negara bukan ahli Kesatuan Eropah. Dua negara bukan ahli Kesatuan ini iaitu Iceland dan Norway adalah sebahagian daripada Kesatuan Pasport Nordik yang secara rasminya dikelaskan sebagai 'negara berkait dengan kegiatan-kegiatan Schengen Kesatuan'. Switzerland kemudiannya dibenarkan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam cara yang sama pada tahun 2008. Liechtenstein menyertai kawasan ini pada 19 Disember 2011.[8] Kawasan de facto, ini termasuk juga tiga buah negara mikro Eropah – Monaco, San Marino dan Kota Vatikan – mengekalkan sempadan terbuka atau separa terbuka dengan negara ahli Schengen yang lain.[9] Dua anggota Kesatuan pada ketika itu – Republik Ireland dan United Kingdom (sebelum menarik diri pada 2020) – berunding agar tidak menyertai Kawasan ini dan terus beroperasi dalam Perjalanan Biasa Kawasan sistematik kawalan sempadan dengan negara anggota kesatuan yang lain.
Republik Ireland walaupun menganggotai Kesatuan memutuskan berunding menarik diri daripada perjanjian Schengen dan terus mengendalikan kawalan sempadan dengan negara sekesatuan yang lain, pada masa yang sama membentuk sebahagian sempadan terbuka Kawasan Perjalanan Bersama dengan United Kingdom dan wilayah-wilayah Tanggungan Mahkotanya. Negara anggota Cyprus yang tinggal diwajibkan Perjanjian Penyertaan menyertai Kawasan Schengen akhirnya. Walau bagaimanapun, negara yang hendak melaksanakan sepenuhnya peraturan-peraturan Schengen mesti mempunyai persediaan yang dinilai dalam empat bidang: sempadan udara, visa, kerjasama polis, dan perlindungan data peribadi. Proses penilaian ini melibatkan soal selidik serta lawatan yang dibuat pakar-pakar Kesatuan kepada institusi dan tempat kerja terpilih di negara yang disasarkan.[10]
Negara | Keluasan (km2) |
Kependudukan[11] (2021) |
Ditandatangani | Tarikh pelaksanaan pertama[Nota 2] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 83,871 | 8,922,082 | 28 April 1995[12] | 1 Disember 1997[13][14][Note 1] |
Belanda (kecuali Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten dan kawasan Caribbean Belanda) |
41,526 | 17,501,696 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Belgium | 30,528 | 11,611,419 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Bulgaria |
110,994 | 6,885,868 | 25 April 2005[17] | 31 Mac 2024[18][Note 2] |
Croatia | 56,594 | 4,060,135 | 9 Disember 2011[19] | 1 Januari 2023[20][21][Note 3] |
Denmark (kecuali Greenland dan Kepulauan Faroe)[Note 4] |
43,094 | 5,854,240 | 19 Disember 1996[26] | 25 Mac 2001[27] |
Estonia | 45,338 | 1,328,701 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Finland | 338,145 | 5,535,992 | 19 Disember 1996[30] | 25 Mac 2001[27] |
Hungary | 93,030 | 7,709,786 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Iceland[Note 6] | 103,000 | 370,335 | 19 Disember 1996[32] 18 Mei 1999[33][Note 7] |
25 Mac 2001[27] |
Itali | 301,318 | 59,240,329 | 27 November 1990[35] | 26 Oktober 1997[14][36][Note 8] |
Jerman[Note 9] | 357,050 | 83,408,554 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Latvia | 64,589 | 1,873,919 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Liechtenstein[Note 6] | 160 | 39,039 | 28 Februari 2008[37] | 19 Disember 2011[38] |
Lithuania | 65,300 | 2,786,651 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Luxembourg | 2,586 | 639,321 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Malta | 316 | 526,748 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Norway[Note 6] (kecuali Svalbard)[39] |
385,155 | 5,403,021 | 19 Disember 1996[32] 18 Mei 1999[33][Note 7] |
25 Mac 2001[27] |
Perancis (kecuali jabatan and jajahan seberang lautnya)[Note 10] |
551,695 | 64,531,444 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Poland | 312,683 | 38,307,726 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Portugal | 92,391 | 10,290,103 | 25 Jun 1991[40] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Republik Czech | 78,866 | 10,510,751 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Romania |
238,391 | 19,328,560 | 25 April 2005[17] | 31 Mac 2024[18][Note 2] |
Sepanyol (dengan peruntukan khas untuk Ceuta dan Melilla). Kepulauan Canary di luar pesisiran benua Afrika tidak termasuk dalam Kawasan Schengen[Note 11] |
510,000 | 47,486,935 | 25 Jun 1991[43][44] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Slovakia | 49,037 | 5,447,622 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Slovenia | 20,273 | 2,119,410 | 16 April 2003[28] | 21 Disember 2007[29][Note 5] |
Sweden | 449,964 | 10,467,097 | 19 Disember 1996[45] | 25 Mac 2001[27] |
Switzerland[Note 6] | 41,285 | 8,691,406 | 26 Oktober 2004[46] | 12 Disember 2008[47][Note 12] |
Greece | 131,990 | 10,445,365 | 6 November 1992[48] | 1 Januari 2000[49][Note 13] |
Kesatuan Eropah | 4,595,131 | 453,234,255 | 14 Jun 1985[15] | 26 Mac 1995[16] |
Kawasan-kawasan bukan ahli Kawasan Schengen namun masih mempunyai sempadan terbuka dengan kawasan ini:
Negara | Keluasan
(km2) |
Kependudukan[11](2021) |
---|---|---|
Monaco | 2 | 36,686 |
San Marino | 61 | 33,745 |
Kota Vatikan | 0.44 | 511 |
Nota
- ^ Penghapusan kawalan sempadan berlangsung dari 1 Deisember 1997 hingga 31 Mac 1998.[13]
- ^ a b For air and sea borders, date for land is to be determined
- ^ For land and sea borders, 26 March 2023 for airports
- ^ Greenland dan Kepulauan Faroe tidak termasuk dalam kawasan Schengen. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka yang bergerak antara Kepulauan Faroe, Greenland dan Kawasan Schengentidak tertakluk kepada kawalan sempadan.[22] Senarai negara di mana warganya memerlukan visa untuk ke Greenland atau Kepulauan Faroe adalah sama untuk ke Kawasan Schengen,[23][24] tetapi pemegang visa Schengen tidak dibenarkan measuki kedua-dua kawasan ini melainkan hanya dengan vuisa Denmark dengan cap "Sah untuk Kepulauan Faroe", "Sah untuk Greenland" atau kedua-duanya.[25]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Untuk sempadan daratan dan pelabuhan; turut dipakai untuk lapangan terbang sejak 30 Mac 2008.[29][41]
- ^ a b c d EFTA state, which is outside the EU, that is associated with the Schengen activities of the EU,[31] and where the Schengen rules apply.
- ^ a b SPerjanjian kedua yang menggantikan perjanjian ditandatangani antara Iceland dan Norway berikutan kemasukan Perjanjian Schengen dalam undang-undang EU law melalui Perjanjian Amsterdam 1997.[34]
- ^ Penghapusan kawalan sempadan berlangsung dari 26 Oktober 1997 hingga 31 Mac 1998.[36]
- ^ East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, joining Schengen, on 3 October 1990.
- ^ Jabatan dan jajahan seberang laut Perancis bukanlah sebahagian daripada Kawasan Schengen. Walau bagaimanapun, sekiranya perjalanan udara dibuat ke jabatan laut dari tanah besar Perancis (tetapi bukannya negara Schengen lain seperti penerbangan Condor dari Frankfurt ke Martinique), pemeriksaan sempadan hanya akan dilakukan di lapangan terbang tempat berlepas, bukannya di lapangan terbang tempat ketibaan (penumpang akan memasuki reruai kawalan pasport yang tiada staf). Pemeriksaan sempadan masih akan berlaku jika keluar daripada jabatan seberang laut atau memasuki kawasan Schengen melalui jalan laut.
- ^ Pelaksanaan peraturan Schengen penuh dipakai kepada kesemua kawasan Sepanyol, namun terdapat juga kawalan sempadan dari Ceuta dan Melilla ke Semenanjung Sepanyol atau negara Schengen lain disebabkan persediaan khusus untuk warga Maghribi yang menghuni provinsi Tetuan dan Nador.[42]
- ^ Untuk sempadan daratan dan pelabuhan; turut dipakai untuk lapangan terbang sejak 29 Mac 2009.[47]
- ^ Penghapusan kawalan sempadan berlangsung dari 1 Januari 2000 hingga 26 Mac 2000.[49]
Rujukan
- ^ disebut [ˈʃæŋən]
- ^ The original agreement, a subsequent protocol extending the agreement to the state, an agreement on accession to the EU, or agreement on association with the Schengen acquis.
- ^ European Council on Foreign Relations (2016). "The Future of Schengen". Dicapai pada 2017-06-15.
- ^ "Schengen's economic impact: Putting up barriers". The Economist. 2016-02-06. Dicapai pada 2017-06-15.
- ^ Fortress Europe, "BBC World Service"
- ^ Schengen area by Latvian Law Firm, "Baltic Legal"
- ^ "The Schengen Area" (PDF). European Commission. Dicapai pada 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Liechtenstein to join Schengen". Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. 2011.
- ^ "Tourist, Student and Work visa to Europe". Swift Tourism. 2010.
- ^ . 2009-08-03 title=Kawasan Schengen dan kerjasama http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_en.htm title=Kawasan Schengen dan kerjasama Check
|url=
value (bantuan). Unknown parameter|penerbit=
ignored (bantuan); Missing pipe in:|url=
(bantuan); Missing or empty|title=
(bantuan) - ^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (data tersuai diperlukan melalui tapak sesawang). Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ekonomi dan Sosial Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, Bahagian Populasi. Dicapai pada 10 September 2017.
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Austria to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocols of 27 November 1990, 25 June 1991 and 6 November 1992 on the accession of the Governments of the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the Hellenic Republic, respectively". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 31 Oktober 2014.
- ^ a b "Beschluß des Exekutivausschusses zur Inkraftsetzung des Schengener Durchführungsübereinkommens in Österreich". 1997-10-07. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ a b "Council Decision of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis". Official Journal of the European Union. L (176/1). 1999-07-10. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ a b c d e f "Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 31 Oktober 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Decision of the Executive Committee of 22 December 1994 on bringing into force the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 19 June 1990". Official Journal of the European Union. L (239/130). 1994-12-22. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ a b "Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Member States of the European Union) and the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania, concerning the Accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union (Deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic)". Council of the European Union. Dicapai pada 17 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Council Decision (EU) 2024/210 of 30 December 2023 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania". Official Journal of the European Union. L (2024/210). 2024-01-04. Dicapai pada 2024-01-03.
- ^ "TREATY CONCERNING THE ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA TO THE EUROPEAN UNION". EU. Dicapai pada 2022-12-09.
- ^ "Council Decision (EU) 2022/2451 of 8 December 2022 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Republic of Croatia". Official Journal of the European Union. L (320/41). 2022-12-14. Dicapai pada 2022-12-15.
- ^ "Schengen area: Council decides to lift border controls with Croatia". EU. Dicapai pada 2022-12-09.
- ^ "EUR-Lex - 42000A0922(08) - EN".
- ^ Schengen and Tourists, Kerajaan Greenland.
- ^ Visa and Work Permit Diarkibkan 2016-09-24 di Wayback Machine, Kerajaan Kepulauan Faroe.
- ^ "General Information on Schengen Short-Term Visas". Royal Danish Embassy in London. 4 June 2009. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 10 January 2010. Dicapai pada 1 Februari 2010. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=
ignored (bantuan) - ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ a b c d e "COUNCIL DECISION of 1 December 2000 on the application of the Schengen acquis in Denmark, Finland and Sweden, and in Iceland and Norway". Official Journal of the European Union. L (309/24). 2000-12-09. Dicapai pada 2014-10-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Treaty between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Portuguese Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Member States of the European Union) and the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic concerning the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the European Union (Deposited with the Government of the Italian Republic)". Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "COUNCIL DECISION of 6 December 2007 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic". Official Journal of the European Union. L (323/34). 2007-12-08. Dicapai pada 2014-10-27.
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Republic of Finland to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ This terminology is, for example, used in the Final Act of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 176,10 July 1999, p. 36).
- ^ a b "Cooperation agreement between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the Portuguese Republic, the Hellenic Republic, the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, i.e. the Contracting Parties to the Schengen Agreement and to the Schengen Convention, and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway, on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 11 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Agreement with the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ "Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Official Journal of the European Union. L (176/36). 1999-07-10. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 31 Oktober 2014.
- ^ a b "Resolución de 26 de mayo de 1998, de la Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores". 1997-07-10. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ "Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ "COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 2011 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Principality of Liechtenstein". Official Journal of the European Union. L (334/27). 5 Disember 2011. Dicapai pada 27 Oktober 2014.
- ^ "EUR-Lex - 21999A0710(02) - EN".
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Portuguese Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ "The final step of Schengen enlargement—controls at internal air borders to be abolished in late March". Slovenia's EU Presidency. 25 March 2008.
- ^ Declaration No. 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 69)
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, as amended by the Protocol on the accession of the Italian Republic signed at Paris on 27 November 1990". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ "Agreement on the Accession of the Kingdom of Spain to the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 ... on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders signed at Schengen on 19 June 1990".
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden to the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the gradual abolition of controls at the contracting parties' common borders". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ "Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. Dicapai pada 2014-11-01.
- ^ a b "COUNCIL DECISION of 27 November 2008 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Swiss Confederation". Official Journal of the European Union. L (327/15). 2008-12-05. Dicapai pada 2014-10-27.
- ^ "Protocol on the accession of the Government of the Hellenic Republic to the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985, as amended by the Protocol signed at Paris on 27 November 1990 on the accession of the Government of the Italian Republic and by the Protocols signed at Bonn on 25 June 1991 on the accession of the Governments of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic". Kerajaan Belanda. Dicapai pada 2014-10-31.
- ^ a b "COUNCIL DECISION of 13 December 1999 on the full application of the Schengen acquis in Greece". Official Journal of the European Union. L (327/58). 9 Disember 2000. Dicapai pada 27 Oktober 2014.
Pautan luar
- Schengen, Borders & Visas, Visa policy (europa.eu)
- Mesin pengira baki hari perjalanan menggunakan visa penginapan pendek Schengen (ec.europa.eu) Dicapai pada 2 Mac 2014.
- "The Schengen area and cooperation". europa.eu. 3 Ogos 2009. Dicapai pada 11 September 2011.
Ralat petik: Tag <ref>
wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "Nota", tetapi tiada tag <references group="Nota"/>
yang berpadanan disertakan