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Plagiarisme ialah mengambil kredit untuk tulisan orang lain sebagai milik anda, termasuk bahasa dan idea mereka, tanpa memberikan kredit yang mencukupi.[1] Universiti Cambridge mentakrifkan plagiarisme sebagai: "menyerahkan sebagai karya sendiri, tanpa mengira niat untuk menipu, yang diperoleh sebahagian atau keseluruhannya daripada kerja orang lain tanpa pengakuan yang sewajarnya."[2]
Wikipedia mempunyai tiga dasar kandungan teras, di mana dua daripadanya memudahkan untuk menciplak secara tidak sengaja. Tiada penyelidikan asal yang melarang kami daripada menambahkan idea kami sendiri pada artikel, dan Pengesahan memerlukan artikel berdasarkan sumber diterbitkan yang boleh dipercayai. Dasar ini bermakna bahawa ahli Wikipedia sangat terdedah kepada tuduhan plagiarisme kerana kita mesti berpegang pada sumber, tetapi tidak terlalu rapat. Kerana plagiarisme boleh berlaku tanpa niat untuk menipu, kebimbangan harus tertumpu pada mendidik editor dan membersihkan rencana.
Sumber diberi anotasi menggunakan petikan sebaris, biasanya dalam bentuk nota kaki (lihat Memetik sumber).[3] Sebagai tambahan kepada petikan sebaris, atribusi dalam teks biasanya diperlukan apabila memetik atau menghurai secara dekat bahan sumber (contohnya: "John Smith menulis bahawa bangunan itu kelihatan hebat," atau "Menurut Smith (2012) ...").[4] Manual Gaya memerlukan atribusi dalam teks apabila memetik ayat penuh atau lebih.[5] Menamakan pengarang dalam teks membolehkan pembaca melihat bahawa ia sangat bergantung pada idea orang lain, tanpa perlu mencari dalam nota kaki. Anda boleh mengelakkan plagiarisme yang tidak disengajakan dengan mengingati peraturan ini:
Plagiarisme dan pelanggaran hak cipta bukanlah perkara yang sama.[6] Pelanggaran hak cipta berlaku apabila kandungan digunakan dengan cara yang melanggar hak eksklusif pemegang hak cipta . Memberi kredit tidak bermakna pelanggaran tidak berlaku, jadi berhati-hati untuk tidak memetik terlalu banyak sumber bukan percuma sehingga anda melanggar garis panduan kandungan bukan percuma.[7] Begitu juga, walaupun tiada isu hak cipta, kandungan domain awam diciplak jika digunakan tanpa mengakui sumbernya. Untuk nasihat tentang cara mengelak daripada melanggar hak cipta di Wikipedia, lihat Pelanggaran Hak Cipta. Untuk cara menangani penyalinan bahan daripada sumber percuma, seperti sumber domain awam, lihat di bawah.
Rujukan
- ^ "What Constitutes Plagiarism?", Harvard Guide to Using Sources, Harvard University: "In academic writing, it is considered plagiarism to draw any idea or any language from someone else without adequately crediting that source in your paper. It doesn't matter whether the source is a published author, another student, a Web site without clear authorship, a Web site that sells academic papers, or any other person: Taking credit for anyone else's work is stealing, and it is unacceptable in all academic situations, whether you do it intentionally or by accident." The university offers examples of different kinds of plagiarism, including verbatim plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism, inadequate paraphrase, uncited paraphrase, uncited quotation.
- ^ "University-wide statement on plagiarism", University of Cambridge.
- ^ For example, Smith 2012, p. 1, or Smith, John. Name of Book. Name of Publisher, 2012, p. 1.
- ^ "What Constitutes Plagiarism?", Harvard Guide to Using Sources, Harvard University (see "Uncited paraphrase" and "Uncited quotation").
- ^ See Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Attribution: "The author of a quote of a full sentence or more should be named; this is done in the main text and not in a footnote. However, attribution is unnecessary with quotations that are clearly from the person discussed in the article or section. When preceding a quotation with its attribution, avoid characterizing it in a biased manner."
- ^ Levy, Neill A. "Tweedledum and Tweedledee: Plagiarism and Copyright", Cinahl Information Systems, 17(3.4), Fall/Winter 1998.
- ^ Copyright: Fair Use: "Acknowledging the source of the copyrighted material does not substitute for obtaining permission."
Bacaan lanjut
- Articles, books, and journals
- Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College: How to Prepare Citations, Avoid Plagiarism, and Achieve Real Academic Success. 2nd Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013. ISBN 022609880X.
- Eisner, Caroline, and Vicinus, Martha (eds). Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism: Teaching Writing in the Digital Age. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008.
- Jaschick, Scott. "Winning Hearts and Minds in War on Plagiarism". Inside Higher Ed, 7 April 2008.
- Lesko, John P. (ed.). Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Journal in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification. Scholarly Publishing Office, 2009.
- Digital academic resources
- Cornell University. "Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism". College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, ©2005. Web. 12 Mar. 2009.
- Duke University Libraries. "Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism". Duke University Libraries, (last modified) 2 June 2008. Web. 12 Mar. 2009. (Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly used citation guidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes: APA, Chicago, CSE, MLA, and Turabian style guidelines; such style guides define plagiarism and how to avoid it.)
- Harvard College Library. "Research Guides". Harvard University Library, (last reviewed) 9 March 2009. Web. 12 Mar. 2009. (Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)
- Indiana University at Bloomington. "Plagiarism: What It is and How to Recognize and Avoid It". Writing Tutorial Services, Campus Writing Program, Indiana University, (last updated) 27 Apr. 2004. Web. 12 Mar. 2009.
- University of New South Wales. "Avoiding Plagiarism". The Learning Centre, Academic Skills Resources, University of New South Wales, (last updated) 24 Oct. 2008. 12 Mar. 2009. (Includes: "What Is Plagiarism?"; "Common Forms of Plagiarism"; and "Plagiarism & the Internet".)
- External links
- FamousPlagiarists.com – Website published by John P. Lesko, associate professor of English at Saginaw Valley State University; editor of Plagiary (see "Further reading"). (Hyperlinked resources, including: a "glossary of terms" relating to plagiarism; a bibliography of "Books and Other Resources"; and profiles of "Famous Plagiarists". "Copyright 2004–2006 Famous Plagiarists.com / War On Plagiarism.org. Some Rights Reserved").
- The Plagiarism Checker – Facility for detecting student plagiarism at dustball.com. ("EDUC478: This educational software was designed as a project for the University of Maryland at College Park Department of Education." © Copyright 2002 by Brian Klug.) However, please note, this tool routinely fails to identify material taken from recent published sources whose texts do not appear online. For instance, the Charles Lipson quote appearing in footnote, above, is not detected as being derived verbatim from that source.
- Plagiarism.org – By Turnitin (cited by Eisner and Vicinus [below]).
- "Read a Q&A with the editors on Inside Higher Education" – Interview with Caroline Eisner and Martha Vicinus, editors of Originality, Imitation, and Plagiarism, conducted on April 3, 2008.
- Seife, Charles (August 31, 2012). "Jonah Lehrer's Journalistic Misdeeds at Wired.com". Slate Magazine.