Tombak api - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Tombak api digambarkan dalam *Huolongjing*.

Tombak api (Cina ringkas: 火枪code: zh is deprecated ; Cina tradisional: 火槍code: zh is deprecated ; pinyin: huǒ qiāng) adalah senjata mesiu yang sangat awal yang muncul di China abad ke-10 dan digunakan untuk kesan hebat semasa Perang Jin-Song. Ia bermula sebagai alat piroteknik kecil yang dilekatkan pada senjata seperti tombak, digunakan untuk mendapatkan kelebihan kejutan kritikal tepat pada awal jarak dekat.^[1] Ketika mesiu bertambah, kuasa peledak meningkat, dan serpihan atau pelet ditambahkan, memberikan beberapa kesan gabungan senjata api moden dan senapang, tetapi dengan jarak yang sangat pendek (kurang dari 3 meter atau 10 kaki), dan hanya satu tembakan (ada yang dirancang untuk dua tembakan). Pada tombak api yang lebih besar dan kuat mata tombak dibuang, kerana versi ini terlalu berat untuk digunakan dalam jarak dekat. Ini dianggap sebagai meriam proto, pendahulu meriam tangan, dan nenek moyang semua senjata api.^[2] Beberapa tombak api terlalu besar untuk dipakai oleh seorang lelaki. Mereka diletakkan di atas tanah dalam kerangka pendukung, dan dapat dianggap sebagai meriam proto.

Reka bentuk

Tombak api pertama terdiri daripada tiub, biasanya buluh, berisi serbuk mesiu dan tali perlahan, diikat pada tombak atau senjata galah lain. Setelah dinyalakan, tiub mesiu dengan idealnya akan mengeluarkan aliran api ke arah ujung tombak. Proyektil seperti pelet besi atau pelindung tembikar kemudian ditambahkan ke mesiu. Setelah melepaskan tembakan, muatan mesiu melepaskan peluru bersama-sama dengan api.^[3]

Laras logam tombak api muncul sekitar pertengahan abad ke-13 dan ini mula digunakan secara bebas daripada tombak itu sendiri. Laras logam bebas dikenali sebagai eruptor (peletus) dan menjadi pendahulu meriam tangan.^[3]

Galeri

Perwakilan terawal yang dikenali sebagai tombak api (kanan atas), Dunhuang, 950 Masihi.^[4]
Tombak api berlaras dua dari Huolongjing. Sepatutnya mereka menembak berturut-turut, dan yang kedua menyala secara automatik setelah laras pertama selesai menembak.
Tombak api dari Wubei Zhi.
Sebuah 'tabung penyembur pengisi langit' seperti yang digambarkan di Huolongjing. Tiub buluh yang diisi dengan campuran serbuk mesiu dan serpihan porselin.
Sebuah 'perisai pedang-api ilahi pemecah phalanx yang bergerak' seperti yang digambarkan di Huolongjing. Perisai bergerak yang dilengkapi dengan tombak api yang digunakan untuk mematahkan formasi musuh.
Ilustrasi tombak api dari De la pirotechnia oleh Vannoccio Biringuccio sekitar tahun 1540.

Lihat pula

Kutipan

^ Andrade 2016, m/s. 38.
^ Andrade 2016, m/s. 33.
^ ^a ^b Andrade 2016, m/s. 51.
^ "The Genius of China", Robert Temple

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Pautan luar

Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance
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Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201638-1] Andrade 2016, m/s. 38.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201633-2] Andrade 2016, m/s. 33.

[FOOTNOTEAndrade201651-3] Andrade 2016, m/s. 51.

[4] "The Genius of China", Robert Temple

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