| Serangan Mongol ke atas Jawa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
| 大元Dinasti Yuan dari Empayar Mongol |
Kerajaan Singhasari Kerajaan Kediri  Dinasti Majapahit | ||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
|
Kublai Khan Shi-bi Ike Mese Gaoxing |
Jayakatwang Raden Wijaya | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
|
20,000–30,000 orang 500–1,000 kapal |
Lebih 100,000 orang (sumber Mongolia) 20,000–30,000 prajurit (pengiraan moden)[1][2] | ||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
|
Lebih dari 3,000 tentera elit tewas[3] Sejumlah kapal hancur | Lebih 5,000 mati dan lemas | ||||||
Serangan Mongol ke atas Jawa berlaku semasa pemerintahan Kublai Khan, iaitu Khan Besar dari Empayar Mongol dan pengasas Dinasti Yuan, telah menghantar satu armada besar ke Jawa dengan tentera seramai 20,000[5]–30,000 tentera pada tahun 1293. Ia merupakan satu ekspedisi bagi menentang Raja Singhasari, Kertanegara yang tidak menghormati maharaja Yuan dengan melukis tatoo pada muka dan mengerat telinga utusan Cina Han, Meng Qi (孟琪) serta enggan membayar ufti kepada maharaja Yuan.
Lihat juga
Rujukan
- ^ Poesponegoro 2019, m/s. 452.
- ^ Miksic 2013, m/s. 185.
- ^ Catatan Shi Bi's buku 162, dalam Groeneveldt (1876).
- ^ Nugroho 2011, m/s. 119.
- ^ Jack Weatherford,Genghis khan and the making of the modern world, Random House Inc, 2004 p. 239 ISBN 0609809644
Bacaan lanjut
- Averoes, Muhammad (2022). "Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship". HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah. 5 (1): 57–64. doi:10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181. S2CID 247335671 Check
|s2cid=value (bantuan). - Bade, David W. (2002), Khubilai Khan and the Beautiful Princess of Tumapel: the Mongols Between History and Literature in Java, Ulaanbaatar: A. Chuluunbat
- Bade, David W. (2013), Of Palm Wine, Women and War: The Mongolian Naval Expedition to Java in the 13th Century, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- Bowring, Philip (2019), Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago, London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, ISBN 9781788314466
- Burnet, Ian (2015), Archipelago: A Journey Across Indonesia, Rosenberg Publishing
- d'Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea (2002), "Chapitre 3 Kublai Khan, Tome III", Histoire des Mongols, depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu'à Timour Bey ou Tamerlan, Boston: Adamant Media, ISBN 978-0-543-94729-1
- Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter (1876), Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca Compiled from Chinese Sources, Batavia: W. Bruining
Rencana ini mengandungi teks dari sumber yang berada dalam domain awam. - Hung, Hsiao-chun; Hartatik; Ma'rifat, Tisna Arif; Simanjuntak, Truman (2022), "Mongol fleet on the way to Java: First archaeological remains from the Karimata Strait in Indonesia", Archaeological Research in Asia, 29: 100327, doi:10.1016/j.ara.2021.100327, S2CID 244553201 Check
|s2cid=value (bantuan) - Jákl, Jiří (2014). Literary Representations of War and Warfare in Old Javanese Kakawin Poetry (Tesis). The University of Queensland.
- Levathes, Louise (1994), When China Ruled the Seas, New York: Simon & Schuster, m/s. 54, ISBN 0-671-70158-4,
The ambitious khan [Kublai Khan] also sent fleets into the South China Seas to attack Annam and Java, whose leaders both briefly acknowledged the suzerainty of the dragon throne
- Lo, Jung-pang (2012) [1957], Elleman, Bruce A. (penyunting), China as Sea Power 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods, Singapore: NUS Press
- Man, John (2007), Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China, London: Bantam Books, ISBN 978-0-553-81718-8
- Miksic, John Norman (2013), Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 978-9971-69-558-3
- Muljana, Raden Benedictus Slamet (2005) [1965], Menuju Puncak Kemegahan (Sejarah Kerajaan Majapahit), Yogyakarta: LKiS Pelangi Aksara
- Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011), Majapahit Peradaban Maritim, Jakarta: Suluh Nuswantara Bakti, ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8
- Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2009), Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit, Ragam Media
- Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho (2019) [2008], Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Edisi Pemutakhiran Jilid 2: Zaman Kuno, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka
- Sujana, Kadir Tisna (1987), Babad Majapahit, Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Rencana ini mengandungi teks dari sumber yang berada dalam domain awam.
