Pertempuran Arras (1917) - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Pertempuran Arras
	Sebahagian daripada Barisan Barat Perang Dunia I
	; Dataran bandar, Arras, Perancis, Februari 1919
Tarikh	9 April – 16 Mei 1917
Lokasi	Arras, Perancis50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.28972°N 2.78083°EKoordinat: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.28972°N 2.78083°E
Keputusan	Kemenangan British
Pihak yang terlibat
Empayar British United Kingdom; Kanada; Australia; Dominion Newfoundland; New Zealand;	Empayar Jerman
Komandan dan pemimpin
Douglas Haig; Edmund Allenby; Arthur Currie; Hubert Gough; Henry Horne	Ludwig von Falkenhausen; Erich Ludendorff; Georg von der Marwitz
Kekuatan
hari pertama: ; 14 divisyen serangan; 9 divisyen simpanan	hari pertama: ; 12 divisyen bersiap sedia; 5 divisyen simpanan
Kerugian dan korban
158,000	120,000–130,000
	† Lihat bahagian Casualties

Pertempuran Arras (juga dikenali sebagai Pertempuran Arras Kedua) adalah satu penyerangan British ke atas Barisan Barat semasa Perang Dunia I. Dari 9 April hingga 16 Mei 1917, tentera British menyerang pertahanan Jerman berhampiran bandaraya Arras Perancis di Barisan Barat. Terdapat kemajuan besar pada hari pertama, kemudian menemui jalan buntu. Pertempuran itu mengakibatkan hampir 160,000 askar British dan kira-kira 125,000 askar Jerman terkorban.

Disepanjang peperangan, ketumbukan tentera lawan di Barisan Barat berada dalam keadaan buntu, dengan garisan panjang kubu parit yang bermula dari pantai Belgium ke sempadan Swiss.^[1] Objektif Pihak Berikat dari awal tahun 1915 ialah memecah masuk pertahanan Jerman kepada medan terbuka diluar dan menyerang Tentera Darat Jerman yang kecil dalam satu peperangan bergerak.^[2] Serangan British di Arras merupakan sebahagian daripada Penyerangan Nivelle Perancis, bahagian utama serangan itu berlaku 50 batu (80 km) ke selatan.^[3] Tujuan operasi gabungan ini adalah menamatkan perang dalam masa 48 jam.^[4] Di Arras pihak British akan mengalih tentera Jerman dari barisan Perancis dan merampas kawasan berbukit yang dikuasai Jerman yang telah mendominasi dataran Douai.^[3]

Usaha British adalah barisan serangan meluas antara Vimy di barat laut dan Bullecourt di tenggara. Selepas pengeboman besar, askar Kanada dari Tentera Darat Pertama di utara berjuang dalam Pertempuran Vimy Ridge dan menawan rabung itu. Tentera Darat Ke-3 di bahagian tengah mara ke Scarpe River, membuat kemasukan paling dalam sejak peperangan kubu parit bermula dan di bahagian selatan, Tentera Darat Ke-5 menyerang Garis Hindenburg dan telah digagalkan oleh pertahanan kedalam, hanya mendapat sedikit kemajuan. Ketumbukan tentera British kemudian terlibat dalam beberapa siri operasi berskala kecil bagi mengukuhkan kedudukan baru. Walaupun pertempuran ini secara umumnya berjaya mencapai matlamat yang terbatas, mereka telah mengalami korban yang agak besar.^[3]

Apabila pertempuran ini secara rasminya berakhir pada 16 Mei, askar-askar Empayar British telah membuat kemaraan yang bermakna tetapi tidak dapat mencapai kejayaan cemerlang.^[3] Taktik dan kelengkapan baru telahpun digunakan, menunjukkan bahawa pihak British telah menerima pengajaran dari Pertempuran Somme dan mampu melancarkan serangan terancang terhadap pertahanan medan berkubu. Sektor Arras kemudian kembali menemui kebuntuan yang mencirikan kebanyakan perang di Barisan Barat, kecuali serangan sekitar Lens, memuncak dalam Pertempuran Hill 70 Kanada pada bulan Ogos.

Rujukan

Nota

Templat:Research help

^ Ashworth 2000, m/s. 3–4.
^ Ashworth 2000, m/s. 48–51.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ashworth 2000, m/s. 55–56.
^ Keegan 1999, m/s. 348–352.

Bibliografi

Ashworth, Tony (2000) [1980]. Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System (ed. repr.). London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-48068-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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Bellis, M. (1996) [1916]. Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action (ed. repr.). London: Military Press International. ISBN 0-85420-195-5.
Bond, B., penyunting (1999). Look To Your Front: Studies in the First World War. Staplehurst: Spellmount. ISBN 1-86227-065-1.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Buffetaut, Yves. The 1917 Spring Offensives: Arras, Vimy, Le Chemin des Dames. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 1997. ISBN 2-908182-66-1
Corkerry, S., penyunting (2001) [1916/1917]. Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917) (ed. repr.). Milton Keynes: Military Press. ISBN 0-85420-250-1.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Die Kriegführung im Frühjahr 1917. Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918 : Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande. XII (ed. Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich). Berlin: Mittler. 2012 [1939]. OCLC 248903245. Dicapai pada 3 March 2014. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan)
Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. I (ed. Imperial War Museum and Battery Press). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-180-6.
Edmonds, James E.; Wynne, G. C. (1940). Military Operations France & Belgium 1917: Appendices. I. London: Macmillan. (facsimile reprint, Naval & Military Press 2010 ISBN 978-1-84574-733-6)
Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. I (ed. Imperial War Museum and Battery Press). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-89839-180-6.
Fuller, J.F.C.. Memoirs of an Unconventional Soldier. London: Ivor Nicholson and Watson, 1936. OCLC 1015446.
Gilbert, Martin. First World War. London: HarperCollins, 1995. ISBN 978-0-00-637666-8
Griffith, P. (1996). Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918. London: Yale. ISBN 0-30006-663-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Holmes, Richard. The Western Front. London: BBC Publications, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57500-147-0
Jünger, Ernst. Storm of Steel (trans. Michael Hofman). Penguin Group, 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-118691-7
Keegan, John (1999). The First World War. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6645-9.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) OCLC 248608836
Levine, Joshua. On a Wing and a Prayer. London: Collins, 2008. ISBN 978-0-00-726945-7
Liddell Hart, Basil. The Real War, 1914–1918. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1930. OCLC 56212202
Ludendorff, Erich. My War Memoirs. London: Naval & Military Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-84574-303-1
Lupfer, Timothy T. The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine during the First World War Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1981. Archived 30 May 2008. OCLC 784236109
New Zealand Defence Force. Arras Tunnellers Memorial (press release) Archived 21 October 2008.
Nicholls, Jonathon. Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917. Pen and Sword Books, 2005. ISBN 1-84415-326-6
Nicholson, G.W.L., Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War: Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919. Ottawa: Queens Printer and Controller of Stationary, 1962. OCLC 55016603
Oldham, Peter. The Hindenburg Line. Pen and Sword Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-85052-568-7
Reed, Paul. Walking Arras. Pen and Sword Books, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-619-2
Samuels, M. (1995). Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4214-2.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Sheffield, Gary. Forgotten Victory: The First World War – Myths and Realities. London: Review (Hodder), 2002. ISBN 978-0-7472-6460-6
Sheffield, Gary and Bourne, John. Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918. UK: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 2005. ISBN 978-0-297-84702-1
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Bacaan lanjut

Sheldon, J. (2015). The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-78346-345-9.

Pautan luar

The Battle of Arras at 1914–1918.net Online history of the battle, accessed 4 April 2007
The Battle of Arras at the War Chronicle Another online history of the battle, accessed 16 April 2007
New Zealand Tunnellers Memorial in Arras archived 21 October 2008
The Arras tunnels – NZHistory.net.nz
France reveals British WWI cave camp BBC News 5 May 2008
Finding Private Adams Exploring the life of a soldier killed at Oppy-Gavrelle
Online history of the Worcestershire Regiment General history of a regiment involved in the battle, accessed 24 April 2007

Templat:Perang Dunia I

[FOOTNOTEAshworth20003–4-1] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 3–4.

[FOOTNOTEAshworth200048–51-2] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 48–51.

[FOOTNOTEAshworth200055–56-3] Ashworth 2000, m/s. 55–56.

[FOOTNOTEKeegan1999348–352-4] Keegan 1999, m/s. 348–352.

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