Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia II
	; Sebuah B-24 menggugurkan bom ke atas kilang Astra Romana di Ploiești, Romania, semasa Operasi Tidal Wave
Lokasi	Kancah Eropah; Kancah Pasifik
Pihak yang terlibat
Kuasa Bersekutu; Amerika Syarikat; United Kingdom; Kanada; Australia; Dominion New Zealand; Kesatuan Soviet; Poland; China; Perancis	Kuasa Paksi; Jerman Nazi; Jepun; Itali; Hungary; Romania; Bulgaria; Thailand
Komandan dan pemimpin
Henry Arnold; Carl Spaatz; Curtis LeMay; Chester Nimitz; Charles Portal; Richard Peirse; Arthur Harris; Arthur Tedder; Clifford McEwen; George Jones; Alexander Novikov; Sergei Khudyakov; Alexander Golovanov	Hermann Göring; Albert Kesselring; Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen; Hugo Sperrle; Naruhiko Higashikuni; Hajime Sugiyama; Masakazu Kawabe; Chūichi Nagumo; Rino Corso Fougier; Francesco Pricolo; Ettore Muti; Kálmán Ternegg; Gheorghe Jienescu
Kerugian dan korban
Soviet Union: Secara kasar 500,000 orang awam Soviet; 2,700 laskar (Jepun); China: 260,000–351,000 orang awam China; Britain: 60,000 orang awam terkorban; 160,000 laskar (Eropah); Perancis: 67,000 orang awam terkorban dari pengeboman AS-UK ; Poland: Puluhan ribu orang awam; 2416 laskar skuadron pengebom (Tentera Udara Poland di Barat); Yugoslavia Puluhan ribu orang awam; Belanda: Ribuan orang awam;	Jerman: 353,000–635,000 orang awam terkorban, termasuk pekerja asing; Kerosakan sangat teruk pada industri; Jepun: 330,000–500,000 orang awam terkorban; 20,000 askar terbunuh; (di Hiroshima); Kerosakan sangat teruk pada industri; Itali: 60,000–100,000 orang awam terkorban; 5,000 askar terbunuh; Kerosakan teruk pada industri; Hungary: 19,135–30,000 terkorban dan 25,000 cedera; Kerosakan teruk pada industri; Romania: 9,000 orang awam terkorban atau cedera; Kemusnahan dan kerosakan teruk pada kilang penapis minyak dan ribuan bangunan ; Bulgaria: 1,374 terkorban dan 1,743 cedera; 12,564 bangunan rosak, yang mana 2,670 musnah sepenuhnya; Thailand: Sekurang-kurangnya 2,000 terkorban.;

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II adalah serangan udara yang berpanjangan terhadap jalan keretapi, pelabuhan, bandar-bandar, perumahan pekerja dan orang awam, dan kawasan industri dalam wilayah musuh semasa Perang Dunia II. Pengeboman strategik ialah strategi ketenteraan yang berbeza dari sokongan udara dekat untuk angkatan darat dan kuasa udara taktikal.^[20] Semasa Perang Dunia II, ia diyakini oleh ramai strategis tentera bahawa kekuatan udara dapat menjamin kemenangan besar dengan menyerang infrastruktur industri dan politik, dan bukannya sasaran tentera semata-mata.^[21] Pengeboman strategik sering melibatkan kawasan pengeboman yang dihuni oleh orang awam dan beberapa kempen sengaja dirancang untuk mensasarkan penduduk awam supaya dapat menggerunkan mereka dan mengganggu aktiviti biasa mereka. Undang-undang antarabangsa pada awal Perang Dunia II tidak secara khusus melarang pengeboman udara di bandar-bandar walaupun sebelumnya terdapat pengeboman seperti itu semasa Perang Dunia I, Perang Saudara Sepanyol,dan Perang China-Jepun Kedua.

Pengeboman strategik semasa Perang Dunia II bermula pada 1 September 1939 apabila Jerman menceroboh Poland dan Luftwaffe (Tentera Udara Jerman) mula mengebom bandar-bandar dan penduduk awam di Poland dalam kempen pengeboman udara.^[22] Ketika perang terus berlanjutan, pengeboman oleh Kuasa Paksi dan Pihak Bersekutu meningkat dengan ketara. Tentera Udara Diraja mula mengebom sasaran tentera di Jerman, seperti dermaga dan limbungan kapal, pada Mac 1940, dan mula mensasarkan Berlin pada Ogos 1940.^[23] Pada September 1940, pihak Luftwaffe mula mensasarkan bandar-bandar British dalam kempen The Blitz.^[24] Selepas bermulanya Operasi Barbarossa pada Jun 1941, Luftwaffe menyerang bandar-bandar Soviet dan infrastruktur. Dari Februari 1942 ke atas, kempen pengeboman British terhadap Jerman menjadi kurang ketat dan menambah sasaran ke atas tapak industri dan kawasan awam.^[25]^[26] Apabila Amerika Syarikat memulakan misi pengeboman udara terhadap Jerman, ia memperkuatkan usaha ini dan pengeboman api yang kontroversi telah dilakukan ke atas Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945), dan bandar-bandar Jerman yang lain.^[27]

Dalam Perang Pasifik, pihak Jepun mengebom penduduk awam disepanjang peperangan (contohnya di Chongqing). Serangan udara ke atas Jepun oleh AS bermula dengan bersungguh-sungguh pada Oktober 1944^[28] dan menjelang Mac 1945 telah mula meningkatkan pengeboman api secara meluas, memuncak dalam pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki pada 6 dan 9 Ogos 1945.

Kesan pengeboman strategik banyak diperdebatkan semasa dan selepas peperangan.^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32] Kedua-dua Luftwaffe dan RAF gagal memberikan pukulan kalah mati dengan memusnahkan moral musuh. Namun, ada yang berpendapat bahawa pengeboman strategik sasaran bukan tentera dapat mengurangkan kapasiti industri dan pengeluaran musuh^[33]^[34] dan dalam pendapat para pendukung di zaman antara perang, penyerahan kalah Jepun mewajarkan pengeboman strategik.^[35] Jumlah kematian akibat pengeboman strategik cukup besar, bukan hanya dari segi pengeboman tetapi juga kehilangan kru udara. Beratus-ratus ribu atau sejuta orang awam terkorban, berjuta-juta orang lagi hilang tempat tinggal, dan banyak atau sebahagian besar bandaraya utama musnah, terutamanya di Eropah dan Asia.

Rujukan

Petikan

^ Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1.
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Hawley
^ Kerr (1991), p. 276
^ Jennifer M. Lind (2010). "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics". Cornell University Press. p.28. ISBN 0-8014-7628-3
^ R.J. Rummel (31 August 2007). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers.
^ ^a ^b Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama White
^ Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10 "The case against Area Bombing"". Dalam Peter Hore (penyunting). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. m/s. 176. ISBN 978-0-7146-5317-4.
^ André Corvisier (1994). A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-16848-6. "Germany, air battle (1942–45)" by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama France
^ "Dywizjony bombowe w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie".
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Germany
^
Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: Allies bombing of Japan lists the following totals and sources
- 330,000: 1945 US Strategic Bombing Survey;
- 363,000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);
- 374,000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;
- 435,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)
- 500,000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)
^ ^a ^b Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940–1945, p. 491
^ Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 235.
^ Ungváry 2004, m/s. 476.
^ Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 229–232.
^ ^a ^b MARI DEZASTRE Bombardarea Bucureştilor în '44, Adevărul, 22 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ ^a ^b Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). Sofia 125 Years Capital 1879-2004 Chronicle (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). Sofia: IK Gutenberg. m/s. 196. ISBN 954-617-011-9.
^ E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87.
^ R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939–1945 (1980) pp. 8–14
^ Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies (1995) 18#1 pp 91–144
^ Levine 1992, p. 21
^ "The first bombing raid on Germany by the RAF in World War II".
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Murray 1983, p. 52
^ Hastings 1979
^ Garrett 1993^{[halaman diperlukan]}
^ Boog 2001, p. 408.
^ Pimlott, John. B-29 Superfortress (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1980), p.40.
^ "United States Strategic Bombing Survey, established by the Secretary of War on 3 November 1944, pursuant to a directive from the late President Roosevelt, 30 September 1945". Anesi.com. Dicapai pada 1 November 2015.
^ J.K. Galbraith, "The Affluent Society", chapter 12 "The Illusion of National Security", first published 1958. Galbraith was a director of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey.
^ Williamson Murray, Allan Reed Millett, "A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War", p. 319
^ http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp905.pdf
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Buckley 1998, p. 165
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Murray 1983, p. 253
^ Buckley 1998, p. 197.

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Pautan luar

[1] Duga, James; Stewart, Carroll (2002). Ploesti. Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-510-1.

[Hawley-2] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Hawley

[3] Kerr (1991), p. 276

[4] Jennifer M. Lind (2010). "Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics". Cornell University Press. p.28. ISBN 0-8014-7628-3

[5] R.J. Rummel (31 August 2007). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers.

[White-6] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama White

[7] Crook, Paul (2003). "Chapter 10 "The case against Area Bombing"". Dalam Peter Hore (penyunting). Patrick Blackett: Sailor, Scientist, and Socialist. Routledge. m/s. 176. ISBN 978-0-7146-5317-4.

[8] André Corvisier (1994). A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-16848-6. "Germany, air battle (1942–45)" by P. Facon and Stephen J. Harris p. 312

[France-9] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama France

[10] "Dywizjony bombowe w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych na Zachodzie".

[Germany-11] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Germany

[12] Matthew White Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls: Allies bombing of Japan lists the following totals and sources
330,000: 1945 US Strategic Bombing Survey;

363,000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

374,000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;

435,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

500,000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)

[13] 330,000: 1945 US Strategic Bombing Survey;

[14] 363,000: (not including post-war radiation sickness); John Keegan The Second World War (1989);

[15] 374,000: R. J. Rummel, including 337,000 democidal;

[16] 435,000: Paul Johnson Modern Times (1983)

[17] 500,000: (Harper Collins Atlas of the Second World War)

[Marco_Gioannini_p._491-13] Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940–1945, p. 491

[FOOTNOTEPatakyRozsosSárhidai1993235-14] Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 235.

[FOOTNOTEUngváry2004476-15] Ungváry 2004, m/s. 476.

[FOOTNOTEPatakyRozsosSárhidai1993229–232-16] Pataky, Rozsos & Sárhidai 1993, m/s. 229–232.

[Adevarul-17] MARI DEZASTRE Bombardarea Bucureştilor în '44, Adevărul, 22 February 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

[kiradzhiev-18] Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). Sofia 125 Years Capital 1879-2004 Chronicle (dalam bahasa Bulgaria). Sofia: IK Gutenberg. m/s. 196. ISBN 954-617-011-9.

[19] E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87.

[20] R.J. Overy, The Air War. 1939–1945 (1980) pp. 8–14

[21] Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive", Journal of Strategic Studies (1995) 18#1 pp 91–144

[22] Levine 1992, p. 21

[23] "The first bombing raid on Germany by the RAF in World War II".

[Murray_1983,_p._52-24] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Murray 1983, p. 52

[25] Hastings 1979

[Garrett_1993-26] Garrett 1993^{[halaman diperlukan]}

[27] Boog 2001, p. 408.

[28] Pimlott, John. B-29 Superfortress (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1980), p.40.

[anesi.com-29] "United States Strategic Bombing Survey, established by the Secretary of War on 3 November 1944, pursuant to a directive from the late President Roosevelt, 30 September 1945". Anesi.com. Dicapai pada 1 November 2015.

[J.K._Galbraith_1958-30] J.K. Galbraith, "The Affluent Society", chapter 12 "The Illusion of National Security", first published 1958. Galbraith was a director of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey.

[Williamson_Murray_p._319-31] Williamson Murray, Allan Reed Millett, "A War To Be Won: fighting the Second World War", p. 319

[econ.yale.edu-32] ttp://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp905.pdf

[Buckley_1998,_p._165-33] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Buckley 1998, p. 165

[Murray_1983,_p._253-34] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama Murray 1983, p. 253

[35] Buckley 1998, p. 197.

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