Barisan Barat | |||||||
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Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia I Kancah Eropah | |||||||
![]() Mengikut arah jam dari kiri atas: Askar dari Royal Irish Rifles, berkumpul di dalam parit sebelum memanjatnya pada hari pertama Pertempuran Somme; Seorang askar British membawa rakan yang cedera keluar dari medan pertempuran pada hari pertama Pertempuran Somme; Seorang askar muda Jerman semasa Pertempuran Ginchy; Infantri Amerika menggempur bunker Jerman; Sebuah pengebom berat Gotha G.IV Jerman; Tentera Amerika bersama kereta kebal Renault FT bergerak di Hutan Argonne ke garisan hadapan semasa serangan Meuse–Argonne. | |||||||
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Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
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Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
Kekuatan | |||||||
15,900,000
| 13,250,000[1] | ||||||
Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
7,500,000
Korban tentera: 2,041,000
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5,500,000
Korban tentera: 1,495,000
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Barisan Barat atau Perbatasan Barat merupakan salah satu kancah peperangan utama semasa Perang Dunia Pertama. Selepas tercetusnya perang pada Ogos 1914, Tentera Darat Imperial Jerman membuka Barisan Hadapan Barat dengan menyerang Luxembourg dan Belgium, sebelum menguasai kawasan perindustrian penting di Perancis. Kemaraan Jerman telah dihentikan dalam Pertempuran Marne. Selepas berlakunya Perlumbaan ke Laut, kedua-dua pihak menggali parit berkubu sepanjang garis berliku dari Laut Utara hingga ke sempadan Perancis-Switzerland, di mana kedudukannya tidak banyak berubah kecuali pada awal tahun 1917 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1918.
Antara tahun 1915 dan 1917, terdapat beberapa serangan besar-besaran di sepanjang barisan hadapan ini. Serangan-serangan tersebut melibatkan pengeboman artileri yang besar serta kemaraan infantri secara beramai-ramai. Parit pertahanan, kubu mesingan, kawat berduri, dan artileri telah menyebabkan jumlah korban yang tinggi dalam serangan dan serangan balas tanpa menghasilkan kemajuan yang ketara. Antara serangan yang paling berdarah termasuk Pertempuran Verdun pada tahun 1916, dengan jumlah korban gabungan sebanyak 700,000 orang, Pertempuran Somme juga pada tahun 1916 dengan lebih daripada satu juta korban, dan Pertempuran Passchendaele pada tahun 1917, dengan 487,000 korban.[10][11]
Untuk memecahkan kebuntuan perang parit di Barisan Hadapan Barat, kedua-dua pihak mencuba teknologi ketenteraan baharu, termasuk gas beracun, pesawat udara, dan kereta kebal. Penggunaan taktik yang lebih baik dan kelemahan berterusan tentera di barat menyebabkan pergerakan kembali pada tahun 1918. Serangan musim bunga Jerman pada tahun 1918 menjadi mungkin disebabkan oleh Persetiaan Brest-Litovsk yang menamatkan perang antara Kuasa Tengah dengan Rusia dan Romania di Barisan Hadapan Timur. Dengan menggunakan pengeboman "taufan" yang pendek dan sengit serta taktik penyusupan, tentera Jerman mara hampir 60 batu (kira-kira 97 km) ke barat — kemaraan paling jauh oleh mana-mana pihak sejak 1914 — tetapi kejayaan ini hanya sementara.
Kemaraan yang tidak dapat dihentikan oleh tentera Perikatan Entente semasa Serangan Seratus Hari pada tahun 1918 menyebabkan kejatuhan mendadak tentera Jerman dan meyakinkan para komander Jerman bahawa kekalahan adalah tidak dapat dielakkan. Kerajaan Jerman menyerah kalah melalui Peletakan Senjata 11 November 1918, dan syarat-syarat damai telah dipersetujui dalam Persetiaan Versailles pada tahun 1919.
Rujukan
Nota
- ^ "General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."[6]
- ^ "The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."[6]
- ^ 424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes, s. 1,000 in air raids.[9]
Nota kaki
- ^ a b ILO 1925, m/s. 29.
- ^ War Office 1922, m/s. 742.
- ^ Ayres 1919, m/s. 105.
- ^ Hosch 2010, m/s. 219.
- ^ Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999.
- ^ a b Maurel 2001, §1.
- ^ Massimiliano 2015, m/s. 23-24.
- ^ Jones 2019, m/s. 137.
- ^ Grebler & Winkler 1940, m/s. 78.
- ^ Liddle 1997, m/s. 45–58.
- ^ Edmonds 1991, m/s. 361–363.
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Bacaan lanjut
Sumber perpustakaan |
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Tentang Medan Barat (Perang Dunia I) |
Buku
- Cabanes, Bruno (2016). August 1914: France, the Great War, and a Month That Changed the World Forever. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30022494-8. OCLC 1129923334, argues that the extremely high casualty rate in the first month of fighting permanently transformed France.
- Gleason, Arthur (1917). Our Part in the Great War. Burt: University of California. ISBN 9781508654254. OCLC 12893987.
- Hernâni, Donato (1996). Dicionário das batalhas Brasileiras (dalam bahasa Portugis). IBRASA. m/s. 593. ISBN 978-8-534-80034-1. OCLC 491067508.
- McCann, Frank D. (2004). Soldiers of the Pátria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937. Stanford University Press. m/s. 593. ISBN 978-0-804-73222-2. OCLC 469729065.
- Skinner, H. T.; Stacke, H. Fitz M. (1922). Principal Events 1914–1918. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence. London: HMSO. OCLC 17673086. Dicapai pada 3 March 2017.
Jurnal
- Bailey, George (2005). "Modern Project Management and the Lessons from the Study of the Transformation of the British Expeditionary Force in the Great War". Management Decision. 43 (1): 56–71. doi:10.1108/00251740510572489.
- Heller, Charles E. (September 1984). "Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918". Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute (CSI) Press (10). OCLC 463454950. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 5 March 2017. Dicapai pada 4 March 2017.
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Medan Barat (Perang Dunia I) |
- Krause, Jonathan: Western Front, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- The Western Front Museum
- Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe
- 'That Contemptible Little Army' by E. Alexander Powell. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
- Watch clips from the Australian War Memorial's collection of films made on the Western Front 1917–1918 on the National Film and Sound Archive's australianscreen online