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Medan Barat (Perang Dunia I) - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.
Barisan Barat
Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia I Kancah Eropah

Mengikut arah jam dari kiri atas: Askar dari Royal Irish Rifles, berkumpul di dalam parit sebelum memanjatnya pada hari pertama Pertempuran Somme; Seorang askar British membawa rakan yang cedera keluar dari medan pertempuran pada hari pertama Pertempuran Somme; Seorang askar muda Jerman semasa Pertempuran Ginchy; Infantri Amerika menggempur bunker Jerman; Sebuah pengebom berat Gotha G.IV Jerman; Tentera Amerika bersama kereta kebal Renault FT bergerak di Hutan Argonne ke garisan hadapan semasa serangan Meuse–Argonne.
Tarikh2 Ogos 1914 – 11 November 1918
Lokasi
Eropah Barat dan Eropah Tengah: Belgium, timur laut Perancis, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, barat Jerman
Keputusan Kemenangan Pihak Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
 Austria-Hungary
Komandan dan pemimpin
Kekuatan
15,900,000
 13,250,000[1]
Kerugian dan korban
  • Mangsa korban:
7,500,000
Korban tentera: 2,041,000
  • Korban awam:
  • 534,500
  • Mangsa korban:
5,500,000

Korban tentera: 1,495,000

  • Korban awam:
  • 424,000[c]

Barisan Barat atau Perbatasan Barat merupakan salah satu kancah peperangan utama semasa Perang Dunia Pertama. Selepas tercetusnya perang pada Ogos 1914, Tentera Darat Imperial Jerman membuka Barisan Hadapan Barat dengan menyerang Luxembourg dan Belgium, sebelum menguasai kawasan perindustrian penting di Perancis. Kemaraan Jerman telah dihentikan dalam Pertempuran Marne. Selepas berlakunya Perlumbaan ke Laut, kedua-dua pihak menggali parit berkubu sepanjang garis berliku dari Laut Utara hingga ke sempadan Perancis-Switzerland, di mana kedudukannya tidak banyak berubah kecuali pada awal tahun 1917 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1918.

Antara tahun 1915 dan 1917, terdapat beberapa serangan besar-besaran di sepanjang barisan hadapan ini. Serangan-serangan tersebut melibatkan pengeboman artileri yang besar serta kemaraan infantri secara beramai-ramai. Parit pertahanan, kubu mesingan, kawat berduri, dan artileri telah menyebabkan jumlah korban yang tinggi dalam serangan dan serangan balas tanpa menghasilkan kemajuan yang ketara. Antara serangan yang paling berdarah termasuk Pertempuran Verdun pada tahun 1916, dengan jumlah korban gabungan sebanyak 700,000 orang, Pertempuran Somme juga pada tahun 1916 dengan lebih daripada satu juta korban, dan Pertempuran Passchendaele pada tahun 1917, dengan 487,000 korban.[10][11]

Untuk memecahkan kebuntuan perang parit di Barisan Hadapan Barat, kedua-dua pihak mencuba teknologi ketenteraan baharu, termasuk gas beracun, pesawat udara, dan kereta kebal. Penggunaan taktik yang lebih baik dan kelemahan berterusan tentera di barat menyebabkan pergerakan kembali pada tahun 1918. Serangan musim bunga Jerman pada tahun 1918 menjadi mungkin disebabkan oleh Persetiaan Brest-Litovsk yang menamatkan perang antara Kuasa Tengah dengan Rusia dan Romania di Barisan Hadapan Timur. Dengan menggunakan pengeboman "taufan" yang pendek dan sengit serta taktik penyusupan, tentera Jerman mara hampir 60 batu (kira-kira 97 km) ke barat — kemaraan paling jauh oleh mana-mana pihak sejak 1914 — tetapi kejayaan ini hanya sementara.

Kemaraan yang tidak dapat dihentikan oleh tentera Perikatan Entente semasa Serangan Seratus Hari pada tahun 1918 menyebabkan kejatuhan mendadak tentera Jerman dan meyakinkan para komander Jerman bahawa kekalahan adalah tidak dapat dielakkan. Kerajaan Jerman menyerah kalah melalui Peletakan Senjata 11 November 1918, dan syarat-syarat damai telah dipersetujui dalam Persetiaan Versailles pada tahun 1919.

Rujukan

Nota

  1. ^ "General Brusilov, situated on the Austro-German border, of the General Staff, still managed to make available four special brigades to France or 745 officers and 43,547 foot soldiers."[6]
  2. ^ "The losses for the two Russian brigades were 70 officers and 4,472 soldiers killed, wounded or missing in action."[6]
  3. ^ 424,000 German civilians died from war-related causes, s.  1,000 in air raids.[9]

Nota kaki

  1. ^ a b ILO 1925, m/s. 29.
  2. ^ War Office 1922, m/s. 742.
  3. ^ Ayres 1919, m/s. 105.
  4. ^ Hosch 2010, m/s. 219.
  5. ^ Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999.
  6. ^ a b Maurel 2001, §1.
  7. ^ Massimiliano 2015, m/s. 23-24.
  8. ^ Jones 2019, m/s. 137.
  9. ^ Grebler & Winkler 1940, m/s. 78.
  10. ^ Liddle 1997, m/s. 45–58.
  11. ^ Edmonds 1991, m/s. 361–363.

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