Manidae - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Manidae; Julat zaman: 41.37–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Eosen tengah - kini
	Spesies tenggiling hidup
Status pemuliharaan
	CITES Appendix I (CITES)
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mammalia
Klad:	Pholidotamorpha
Order:	Pholidota
Suborder:	Eupholidota
Superkeluarga:	Manoidea
Keluarga:	Manidae; Gray, 1821
Genus jenis
	Manis; Linnaeus, 1758
Genus
	Lihat teks
	Julat spesies: Manis crassicaudata ; Manis pentadactyla ; Manis javanica ; Manis culionensis ; Phataginus tricuspis ; Phataginus tetradactyla ; Smutsia gigantea ; Smutsia temminckii ;
Sinonim
	Senarai sinonim: Manida (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992) ; Manididae (Gray, 1865) ; Manina (Gray, 1825) ; Manisia (Rafinesque, 1815) ; Perilepia (Rafinesque, 1815) ;

Manidae ialah satu-satunya keluarga tenggiling yang masih ada.^[5] Keluarga ini terdiri daripada tiga genus (Manis daripada subkeluarga Maninae, Phataginus daripada subkeluarga Phatagininae, dan Smutsia daripada subkeluarga Smutsiinae),^[6]^[7] serta satu tenggiling Fayum yang telah pupus.^[8]

Pengelasan

Semua spesies tenggiling hidup telah dimasukkan ke dalam genus Manis sehingga akhir 2000-an, apabila penyelidikan mendorong pembahagian tenggiling yang masih ada kepada tiga genus: Manis, Phataginus dan Smutsia.^[5]^[9]

Taksonomi

Keluarga: Manidae (tenggiling)
- Subkeluarga: Maninae (Gray, 1821) (tenggiling Asia)
  - Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) (tenggiling Asia)
    - (tanpa pangkat): klad utara Asia
      - Manis pentadactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) (tenggiling Cina)
      - †Manis hungarica (Kormos, 1934)
    - (tanpa pangkat): klad selatan Asia
      - Manis crassicaudata (Gray, 1827) (tenggiling India)
      - Manis sp. (Scale_H4 & Scale_H8)^[10]^[11]^[1]
      - †Manis lydekkeri (Dubois, 1908)
      - Subgenus: Paramanis (Pocock, 1924) (tenggiling Asia tenggara)
        Manis javanica (Desmarest, 1822) (tenggiling Sunda)
        
        Manis culionensis (de Elera, 1895) (tenggiling Filipina)
        
        †Manis palaeojavanica (Dubois, 1907) (tenggiling Asia gergasi)
- (tanpa pangkat): klad Afrika
  - Subkeluarga: Phatagininae (Gaubert, 2017) (tenggiling Afrika kecil)
    - Genus: Phataginus (Rafinesque, 1821) (tenggiling pohon Afrika)
      - Phataginus tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) (tenggiling ekor panjang)
      - Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) (tenggiling pohon)
  - Subkeluarga: Smutsiinae (Gray, 1873) (tenggiling Afrika besar)
    - Genus: Smutsia (Gray, 1865) (tenggiling tanah Afrika)
      - Smutsia gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (tenggiling gergasi)
      - Smutsia temmincki (Smuts, 1832) (tenggiling tanah)
      - †Smutsia olteniensis (Terhune, 2021)^[12]
- Incertae sedis
  - †Manidae sp. [DPC 3972 & DPC 4364] (Gebo & Rasmussen, 1985) (tenggiling Fayum)

Rujukan

^ ^a ^b Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
^ J. E. Gray. (1821.) "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals." The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310
^ "The CITES Appendices". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES. Dicapai pada 28 Januari 2019.
^ J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344
^ ^a ^b Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (4): 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2015-09-25. Dicapai pada 2021-01-20.
^ Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (penyunting). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ed. 3rd). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
^ Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359
^ Daniel Gebo, D. Tab Rasmussen (1985.) "The Earliest Fossil Pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) from Africa" Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):538
^ Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.
^ Huarong Zhang, Mark P. Miller, Feng Yang, Hon Ki Chan, Philippe Gaubert, Gary Ades, Gunter A. Fischer (2015.) "Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia", Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 4, Pages 414-422
^ Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.) "Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, Manis)" Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543
^ Terhune, C. E.; Gaudin, T.; Curran, S.; Petculescu, A. (2021). "The youngest pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1990075. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E0075T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1990075. S2CID 245394367 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).

Pautan luar

ZSL Pangolin Conservation
Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
Tree of Life of Pholidota
National Geographic video of a pangolin
Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia (PDF)
The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis Diarkibkan 2015-09-25 di Wayback Machine (PDF)
Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018). Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal. United States: PBS.
Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? The New York Times, March 6, 2020.

[Heighton2023-1] Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"

[2] J. E. Gray. (1821.) "On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals." The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310

[CITES-3] "The CITES Appendices". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES. Dicapai pada 28 Januari 2019.

[4] J. E. Gray. (1825.) "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe." Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344

[web2.utc.edu-5] Gaudin, Timothy (2009). "The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media. 16 (4): 235–305. doi:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9. S2CID 1773698. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2015-09-25. Dicapai pada 2021-01-20.

[6] Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (penyunting). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ed. 3rd). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. m/s. 530. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

[Gaubert2018-7] Philippe Gaubert, Agostinho Antunes, Hao Meng, Lin Miao, Stéphane Peigné, Fabienne Justy, Flobert Njiokou, Sylvain Dufour, Emmanuel Danquah, Jayanthi Alahakoon, Erik Verheyen, William T Stanley, Stephen J O’Brien, Warren E Johnson, Shu-Jin Luo (2018) "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth" Journal of Heredity, Volume 109, Issue 4, Pages 347–359

[8] Daniel Gebo, D. Tab Rasmussen (1985.) "The Earliest Fossil Pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) from Africa" Journal of Mammalogy 66(3):538

[KondrashovAgadjanian2012-9] Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 983–1001. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32..983K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86059673.

[10] Huarong Zhang, Mark P. Miller, Feng Yang, Hon Ki Chan, Philippe Gaubert, Gary Ades, Gunter A. Fischer (2015.) "Molecular tracing of confiscated pangolin scales for conservation and illegal trade monitoring in Southeast Asia", Global Ecology and Conservation, Volume 4, Pages 414-422

[JingyangHu-11] Jingyang Hu, Christian Roos, Xue Lv, Weimin Kuang, Li Yu (2020.) "Molecular Genetics Supports a Potential Fifth Asian Pangolin Species (Mammalia, Pholidota, Manis)" Zoological Science, 37(6):538-543

[12] Terhune, C. E.; Gaudin, T.; Curran, S.; Petculescu, A. (2021). "The youngest pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (4): e1990075. Bibcode:2021JVPal..41E0075T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1990075. S2CID 245394367 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).

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Manidae Julat zaman: 41.37–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Eosen tengah - kini^[1]

Spesies tenggiling hidup
Status pemuliharaan
CITES Appendix I (CITES)^[3]
Pengelasan saintifik
Domain:	Eukaryota
Alam:	Haiwan
Filum:	Chordata
Kelas:	Mammalia
Klad:	Pholidotamorpha
Order:	Pholidota
Suborder:	Eupholidota
Superkeluarga:	Manoidea
Keluarga:	Manidae Gray, 1821^[2]
Genus jenis
Manis Linnaeus, 1758
Genus
Lihat teks

Julat spesies: Manis crassicaudata Manis pentadactyla Manis javanica Manis culionensis Phataginus tricuspis Phataginus tetradactyla Smutsia gigantea Smutsia temminckii
Sinonim
Senarai sinonim: Manida (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992) Manididae (Gray, 1865) Manina (Gray, 1825)^[4] Manisia (Rafinesque, 1815) Perilepia (Rafinesque, 1815)