Kerajaan beraja Scotland - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Kerajaan beraja Scotland

*Rìoghachd na h-Alba*code: gd is deprecated (Gaelik Scotland)

*Kinrick o Scotland*code: sco is deprecated (Scots)
Kerajaan beraja Scotland Rìoghachd na h-Alba (Gaelik Scotland); Kinrick o Scotland (Scots);
kurun ke-9–1707; 1654–60: Kommonwel;
Bendera	Jata diraja
	Cogan kata: "In My Defens God Me Defend" (Scots); "In my defence God me defend";
	Lokasi Scotland (hijau) di Eropah (hijau dan kelabu)
Ibu negara	Edinburgh (selepas sekitar 1452)
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Gaelic Pertengahan (sehingga kurun ke-12); Scottish Gaelic (kurun ke-12–1707); Cumbric; (1093–kurun ke-12); Inggeris (950–1707); Scotland (kurun ke-13–1707); Perancis; Norn (1471–1707); Latin Pertengahan (sehingga kurun ke-15);
Agama	Katolik, Episcopalianism, Presbyterianism
Kerajaan	Monarki
Monarki
• 843–58	Kenneth I (pertama)
• 1702–07	Anne (terakhir)
Badan perundangan	Parlimen
Sejarah
• Kesatuan	kurun ke-9 (secara tradisi 843)
• Penggabungan Lothian dan Strathclyde	1124 (pengesahan Perjanjian York 1237)
• Penggabungan Galloway	1234/5
• Penggabungan Hebrides, Isle of Man dan Caithness	1266 (Perjanjian Perth)
• Orkney dan Shetland diduduki	1472
• Penyatuan Takhta	24 Mac 1603
• Kestuan dengan England	1 Mei 1707
Keluasan
1482–1707	78,778 km2 (30,416 bt2)
1500	78,778 km2 (30,416 bt2)
1600	78,778 km2 (30,416 bt2)
1700	78,778 km2 (30,416 bt2)
Populasi
• 1500	500000
• 1600	800000
• 1700	1250000
Mata wang	Pound Scotland
Kod ISO 3166	GB-SCT
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Dál Riata
	Cat
	Ce
	Fortriu
	Fib
	Strathclyde
	Galloway
	Northumbria
Kerajaan Great Britain
Sekarang sebahagian dari	United Kingdom; ∟ Scotland;
	↑ Bahasa-bahasa Pictish dan bahasa Cumbric pupus semasa kurun ke-10 dan 11. Perancis telah ditutur secara meluas di Scotland semasa kemuncak Persekutuan Auld. Inggeris mula mendominasi di Scotland bermula pada pertengahan kurun ke-16.

Kerajaan beraja Scotland (Scots: Kinrick o Scotlandcode: sco is deprecated ; Gaelik Scotland: Rìoghachd na h-Albacode: gd is deprecated ; Jawi: ‏كراجأن سكوتلند‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) ialah sebuah negara yang terletak di barat laut Eropah yang dipercayai telah diasaskan pada tahun 843, yang mana kemudian menyertai England untuk membentuk Great Britain pada tahun 1707. Meskipun wilayahnya mengembang dan mengecil beberapa kali, ia pada asasnya merangkumi satu per tiga daripada utara pulau Great Britain, berkongsi sempadan tanah hingga ke selatan dengan England. Ia menghadapi banyak serangan daripada England, akan tetapi semasa pemerintahan Robert I ia berjaya mendapat kemerdekaan dan kekal sebagai sebuah negara berdaulat pada akhir Zaman Pertengahan. Pada tahun 1603, James VI dari Scotland menjadi Raja England, dan menggabungkan Scotland dengan England dalam sebuah kesatuan peribadi. Pada tahun 1707, kedua-dua kerajaan disatukan untuk membentuk Keraja beraja Great Britain di bawah terma-terma Akta Kesatuan Union. Berikutan penaklukan terakhir Royal Burgh dari Berwick oleh England pada tahun 1482 (selepas pendudukan Northern Isles daripada Kerajaan beraja Norway pada tahun 1472) wilayah kerajaan beraja Scotland meliputi (kawasan sekarang) Scotland, bersempadanan dengan Laut Utara di timur, Lautan Atlantik di uatara dan barat, dan Terusan Utara dan Laut Ireland di barat daya.

Mahkota ialah elemen terpenting kerajaan. Monarki Scotland pada Zaman Pertengahan adalah sebuah institusi jelajah yang sebahagian besarnya, sebelum Edinburgh berkembang sebagai ibu kota pada separuh kedua abad ke-15. Mahkota kekal sebagai pusat kehidupan politik dan pada abad ke-16 muncul sebagai pusat pameran dan naungan seni yang utama, sehingga ia dibubarkan dengan berkesan dengan Kesatuan Mahkota pada tahun 1603. Mahkota Scotland menerima pakai pejabat konvensional negara beraja Eropah barat. pada masa itu dan membangunkan Majlis Privy dan pejabat besar negara. Parlimen juga muncul sebagai institusi perundangan utama, mendapat pengawasan cukai dan dasar, tetapi tidak pernah menjadi pusat kehidupan negara. Pada peringkat awal, raja-raja Scot bergantung kepada tuan-tuan besar—mormaers dan toísechs—tetapi sejak pemerintahan David I, sheriffdom telah diperkenalkan, yang membenarkan lebih banyak kawalan langsung dan secara beransur-ansur mengehadkan kuasa tuan-tuan utama. Pada abad ke-17, penciptaan Jaksa Pendamai dan Suruhanjaya Bekalan membantu meningkatkan keberkesanan kerajaan tempatan. Kewujudan baron mahkamah yang berterusan dan pengenalan sesi kirk membantu menyatukan kuasa kaum tempatan.

Undang-undang Scotland berkembang pada Zaman Pertengahan dan telah diperbaharui dan dikanunkan pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17. Di bawah James IV, fungsi undang-undang majlis telah dirasionalkan, dengan Mahkamah Sesyen bersidang setiap hari di Edinburgh. Pada tahun 1532, Kolej Keadilan telah diasaskan, yang membawa kepada latihan dan profesionalisasi peguam. David I ialah raja Scotland pertama yang diketahui telah menghasilkan duit syilingnya sendiri. Pada penyatuan Mahkota pada tahun 1603, Paun Scot ditetapkan pada hanya satu perdua belas nilai Paun Inggeris. Bank of Scotland mengeluarkan nota paun dari 1704. Mata wang Scotland telah dimansuhkan oleh Akta Kesatuan; namun sehingga hari ini, Scotland mengekalkan wang kertas yang unik.

Secara geografi, Scotland dibahagikan antara Tanah Tinggi dan Kepulauan dan Tanah Rendah. Tanah Tinggi mempunyai musim pertumbuhan yang agak singkat, yang dipendekkan lagi semasa Zaman Ais Kecil. Dari asas Scotland hingga permulaan Kematian Hitam, populasi telah meningkat kepada sejuta; berikutan wabak itu, ia kemudian jatuh kepada setengah juta. Ia berkembang pada separuh pertama abad ke-16, mencapai kira-kira 1.2 juta menjelang 1690-an. Bahasa penting dalam kerajaan zaman pertengahan termasuk Gaelik, Inggeris Lama, Norse dan Perancis; tetapi menjelang era moden awal Skotlandia Pertengahan telah mula mendominasi. Agama Kristian telah diperkenalkan ke Scotland dari abad ke-6. Pada zaman Norman, gereja Scotland mengalami beberapa siri perubahan yang membawa kepada perintah dan organisasi monastik baru. Semasa abad ke-16, Scotland menjalani Reformasi Protestan yang mencipta kirk kebangsaan yang didominasi oleh kaum Calvinis. Terdapat beberapa siri kontroversi agama yang mengakibatkan perpecahan dan penganiayaan. Mahkota Scotland membangunkan pasukan tentera laut di pelbagai titik dalam sejarahnya, tetapi sering bergantung pada persendirian dan berjuang secara guerre de course. Tentera darat berpusat di sekitar tentera biasa yang besar, tetapi menerima pakai inovasi Eropah dari abad ke-16; dan ramai warga Scotland mengambil perkhidmatan sebagai askar upahan dan sebagai askar untuk Mahkota Inggeris.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^
- Inggeris Tua (950–1066)
- Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–1550)
- Inggeris Moden (1550–1707)
^
- Inggeris Tua (until 1066)
- Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–kurun ke-13)
- Scotland Awal (kurun ke-13–1450)
- Scotland Pertengahan (1450–1707)
^ Became the chief language of governance in the eleventh- and twelfth centuries.
^ Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes.

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Kerajaan beraja Scotland 843–1707	Digantikan oleh: Kerajaan beraja Great Britain 1707–1801	Digantikan oleh: Kerajaan Bersatu Great Britain dan Ireland 1801–1922	Digantikan oleh: Kerajaan Bersatu Great Britain dan Ireland Utara sejak 1922

Templat:British Isles Templat:Medieval Scotland Templat:Kingdom of Scotland

^ Sharpe, R (2011). "Peoples and Languages in Eleventh- and Twelfth-century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence" (PDF). Dalam Broun, D (penyunting). The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain (PDF). Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. m/s. 1–119. ISBN 978-0-85261-919-3 – melalui Paradox of Medieval Scotland 1093–1286.

[1] 

Inggeris Tua (950–1066)

Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–1550)

Inggeris Moden (1550–1707)

[2] Inggeris Tua (950–1066)

[3] Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–1550)

[4] Inggeris Moden (1550–1707)

[2] 

Inggeris Tua (until 1066)

Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–kurun ke-13)

Scotland Awal (kurun ke-13–1450)

Scotland Pertengahan (1450–1707)

[6] Inggeris Tua (until 1066)

[7] Inggeris Pertengahan (1066–kurun ke-13)

[8] Scotland Awal (kurun ke-13–1450)

[9] Scotland Pertengahan (1450–1707)

[3] Became the chief language of governance in the eleventh- and twelfth centuries.

[5] Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes.

[4] Sharpe, R (2011). "Peoples and Languages in Eleventh- and Twelfth-century Britain and Ireland: Reading the Charter Evidence" (PDF). Dalam Broun, D (penyunting). The Reality Behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain (PDF). Glasgow: Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow. m/s. 1–119. ISBN 978-0-85261-919-3 – melalui Paradox of Medieval Scotland 1093–1286.

[nb 1]

[nb 2]

[nb 3]

[1]

[nb 4]

[1]

[3]