Templat:Sejarah Hawaii Selepas meletusnya Perang Saudara Amerika, Kerajaan Hawaii di bawah Raja Kamehameha IV bertitah mengisytiharkan keberkecualian pada 26 Ogos 1861.[1][2] Namun, ramai orang Hawaii asli dan Amerika kelahiran Hawaii (kebanyakannya keturunan mubaligh Amerika), di luar negara dan di dalam pulau, berkhidmat dalam rejimen tentera pelbagai negeri di Kesatuan dan Gabungan.[3]
Dasar kerajaan
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Selepas meletusnya Perang Saudara Amerika, Hawaii bimbang dengan kemungkinan serangan oleh privatir Gabungan di Pasifik. Terdapat bahas dalam kerajaan Hawaii tentang tindakan yang terbaik. Menteri Hal Ehwal Luar Negeri Robert Crichton Wyllie menyokong untuk mengisytiharkan keberkecualian, berikutan satu yang dibuat oleh raja sebelum ini Raja Kamehameha III semasa Perang Krimea pada tahun 1854, manakala Raja Kamehameha IV dan Menteri Kewangan David L. Gregg takut akibat diplomatik mengiktiraf kedudukan sedang berperang Negeri-negeri Gabungan Amerika dan pada awalnya keberatan mengambil risiko membuat Amerika Syarikat marah dengan mana-mana bentuk pengiktirafan Gabungan. Selepas United Kingdom dan Perancis mengisytiharkan keberkecualian dalam pertempuran tersebut, Raja, dan Gregg berlembut.[1]
Pada 26 Ogos 1861, Raja Kamehameha IV berkenan menandatangani perisytiharan rasmi keberkecualian.[1]
Lihat juga
Rujukan
- ^ a b c Kuykendall 1953, m/s. 57–66.
- ^ Forbes 2001, m/s. 298–299.
- ^ National Park Service 2015, m/s. 130–163.
Bibliografi
- Bernard, Mountague (2009). The Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-1642-1. OCLC 316824474.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0324-7. OCLC 45815755.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5. OCLC 247424976.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Forbes, David W., penyunting (2001). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4. OCLC 314293370.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Grzyb, Frank L. (2016). The Last Civil War Veterans: The Lives of the Final Survivors, State by State. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-2488-4. OCLC 934885367.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kam, Ralph Thomas (2009). "Commemorating the Grand Army of the Republic in Hawaiʻi: 1882–1930". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 43: 125–151. hdl:10524/12242.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Manning, Anita; Vance, Justin W. (2014). "Hawaiʻi at Home During the American Civil War". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 145–170. hdl:10524/47259.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schmitt, Robert C. (1998). "Hawaiʻi's War Veterans and Battle Deaths". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 32: 171–174. hdl:10524/521.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Schuessler, Mark (January 2012). "A Surprising Civil War Dedication". American Digger. Acworth, GA: Greybird Publishing. 8 (1): 66.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Shively, Carol A., penyunting (2015). "Pacific Islanders and the Civil War". Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War. Washington, D. C.: National Park Service. m/s. 130–163. ISBN 978-1-59091-167-9. OCLC 904731668.
Bacaan lanjut
- Manning, Anita (2013). "Keaupuni: A Hawaiian Sailor's Odyssey". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 87–102. hdl:10524/36267. OCLC 60626541.
- Moniz, Wayne (2014). Pukoko: A Hawaiian in the American Civil War. Wailuku, HI: Pūnāwai Press. ISBN 978-0-9791507-4-6.
- Rogers, Charles T., penyunting (January 1884). "Hawaii's Contribution to the War for the Union". The Hawaiian Monthly. 1 (1). Honolulu: Printed at the Hawaiian Gazette Office. m/s. 2–4. OCLC 616847011.
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Hawaii dan Perang Saudara Amerika |
- Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; dll. (March 2015). "Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Dicapai pada August 2, 2015.
- Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; dll. (March 2015). "Hawaiians in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Dicapai pada August 2, 2015.
- Hawaii's involvement in the Civil War, Town Square, Hawaii Public Radio[pautan mati kekal] (audio) - By Beth-Ann Kozlovich, July 4, 2013, interview with Anita Manning, Nanette Napoleon and Justin Vance.
- "Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War: A Documentary Film". Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 14, 2016. Dicapai pada August 2, 2015.
- Von Buol, Peter (October–November 2016). "On Foreign Fields". Hana Hou!. 19 (5). Honolulu. Dicapai pada August 11, 2018.