Darah sebagai makanan - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Darah
Darah
	Sosej darah
Jenis	Makanan, darah, offal, bahan tambahan makanan, penokok pemakanan
Kawasan/rantau	Pelbagai
Bahan utama	Darah haiwan
Bahan yang biasa digunakan	Darah, Plasma darah
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Banyak budaya di dunia menggunakan darah sebagai makanan, yang sering kali digabungkan dengan daging. Darah mungkin dalam bentuk sosej darah, ataupun sup darah.^[1] Produk darah sebagai makanan diperolehi dari darah haiwan yang dimasukkan ke dalam sesuatu bekas/wadah dan dimasak ataupun diproses menjadi makanan. Beberapa budaya juga, darah adalah makanan pantang larang dan tidak layak untuk dimakan.

Darah adalah hasil sampingan yang paling penting dalam penyembelihan. Ianya terdiri terutama dari protein dan air, dan kadang-kadang disebut "daging cair" kerana kandungannya serupa dengan daging tanpa lemak. Darah yang dikumpulkan secara bersih dapat digunakan untuk penggunaan manusia, jika tidak, ia ditukar menjadi makanan berasaskan darah. Darah haiwan juga digunakan dalam perubatan manusia.^[2]

Pertimbangan budaya

Sebilangan budaya menganggap darah sebagai bentuk makanan yang tidak layak dimakan/diminum. Dalam agama Abrahamik, budaya Yahudi dan Muslim melarang pengambilan darah. Darah dan produk sampingannya dilarang dalam Islam, dalam Al-Quran, surah 5, al-Maʼidah, ayat 3. Dalam Perjanjian Baru, darah dilarang oleh Keputusan Apostolik (Acts 15:19–21Template:Bibleverse with invalid book) dan masih dilarang di kalangan Ortodoks Yunani.^[3]

Masakan

Indonesia

Di Indonesia, terutama suku Batak di Sumatera Utara, darah babi/khinzir digunakan sebagai ramuan dan sos yang dicampur dengan andaliman untuk masakan bernama sangsang/saksang.^[4] Semasa pembunuhan besar-besaran di Indonesia pada tahun 1965-1966, anggota pasukan kematian tertentu meminum darah mangsa mereka kerana mereka percaya akan menghalang mereka daripada menjadi gila.^[5]

Afrika

Di kalangan orang Maasai, meminum darah dari lembu adalah sebahagian daripada makanan tradisional, terutama setelah majlis-majlis khas seperti sunat/berkhatan ritual atau kelahiran anak.^[6]

Rujukan

^ Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food. 2nd ed. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006., p. 81-82.
^ "Proteins", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (ed. 7th), 2007, doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_289
^ Karl Josef von Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra "NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils". Dicapai pada 11 October 2010. notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greek Orthodox, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws."
^ (Inggeris) "Food they crave" The Jakarta Post
^ Oppenheimer, Joshua, director. The Look of Silence. The Look of Silence, Drafthouse Films, 2014, thelookofsilence.com/.
^ Craats, Rennay (2005). Maasai. Weigl Publishers. m/s. 25. ISBN 978-1-59036-255-6.

[1] Davidson, Alan. The Oxford Companion to Food. 2nd ed. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006., p. 81-82.

[2] "Proteins", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (ed. 7th), 2007, doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_289

[3] Karl Josef von Hefele's commentary on canon II of Gangra "NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils". Dicapai pada 11 October 2010. notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of Gangra, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greek Orthodox, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. Balsamon also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third Apostolic Canon, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by St. Augustine in his work Contra Faustum, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, Pope Gregory the Third (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed Ecumenical Synods, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws."

[:0-4] (Inggeris) "Food they crave" The Jakarta Post

[5] Oppenheimer, Joshua, director. The Look of Silence. The Look of Silence, Drafthouse Films, 2014, thelookofsilence.com/.

[6] Craats, Rennay (2005). Maasai. Weigl Publishers. m/s. 25. ISBN 978-1-59036-255-6.

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