
Buruh paksa, atau buruh tidak bebas, merujuk kepada sebarang bentuk hubungan kerja, khususnya dalam sejarah moden atau zaman awal moden, di mana individu dipekerjakan bertentangan dengan kehendak mereka dengan ancaman kemiskinan, penahanan, atau keganasan, termasuk kematian atau bentuk penderitaan berat lain terhadap diri mereka atau ahli keluarga mereka.[nota 1]
Buruh tidak bebas merangkumi semua bentuk perhambaan, buruh tahanan, dan institusi berkaitan seperti perhambaan hutang, sistem hamba tani (serfdom), kerja wajib awam (corvée) dan kem buruh paksa.
Lihat juga
Nota
Rujukan
Petikan
Sumber
- Allen, Theodore W. (1994). The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control. New York, NY: Verso Books. ISBN 978-0-86091-480-8 (cloth) -- ISBN 978-0-86091-660-4 (paper).
- Allen, Theodore W. (1997). The Invention of the White Race: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America, 1997. New York, NY: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-981-1 (cloth) -- ISBN 978-1-85984-076-4 (paper)
- Bales, Kevin. (1999). Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22463-9
- Blackburn. (1997). The Making of New World Slavery From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800, London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-195-2 (paper).
- Blackburn, Robin. (1988). The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. London, England: Verso Books. ISBN 978-0-86091-188-3 (cloth) -- ISBN 978-0-86091-901-8 (paper).
- Brass, Tom, Marcel Van Der Linden, and Jan Lucassen. (1993). Free and Unfree Labour. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History. ISBN 978-3-906756-87-5.
- Brass, Tom. (1999). Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates. London, England: Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7146-4938-2 (cloth) -- ISBN 978-0-7146-4498-1 (paper)
- Brass, Tom and Marcel Van Der Linden. (1997). Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues. New York, NY: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-3424-7 (cloth)
- Brass, Tom. (2011). Labour Regime Change in the Twenty-First Century: Unfreedom, Capitalism and Primitive Accumulation. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20247-4.
- Brass, Tom. (2017) Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982-2016. Leiden, South Holland: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32237-0.
- Hilton, George W. (1960). The Truck System, including a History of the British Truck Acts, 1465-1960. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. [reprinted by Greenwood Press, London, 1975. ISBN 978-0-837-18130-1]
- Lewis, James Bryant. (2003). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1301-8
- Guijarro Morales, A. El Síndrome de la Abuela Esclava. Pandemia del Siglo XXI (The Enslaved Grandmother Syndrome: a 21st-century Pandemic). Grupo Editorial Universitario. Granada, oct 2001. ISBN 978-84-8491-124-1.
- Ruhs, Florian: Foreign Workers in the Second World War. The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany., in: aventinus nova Nr. 32 [29.05.2011]
- ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)
- The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009
- A global alliance against forced labour
- Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
- Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009 ILO/SAP-FL
- Eradication of forced labour—General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) — ILO 2007
- Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004 — ILO
- Stopping Forced Labour 2001 — ILO
Pautan luar
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Cari forced labour dalam Wikikamus bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas. |
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Buruh paksa |
- UN.GIFT Diarkibkan 2012-12-01 di Wayback Machine — Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
- eliminating Forced Labor Diarkibkan 2016-03-04 di Wayback Machine — Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor
- Slavery in the 21st century—BBC
- Sex trade's reliance on forced labour—BBC
- China's Forced Labour Camps—Laogai Research Foundation
- The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)
- Alleging Captive Labor, Foreign Students Walk Out of Work-Study Program at Hershey Plant Democracy Now!, September 1, 2011.
- Migrant Workers as Non-Citizens: The Case against Citizenship as a Social Policy Concept, by Donna Baines and Nandita Sharma. Studies in Political Economy 69. Autumn 2002, p. 75.
- Seafood from Slaves - Associated Press investigation of the international Pacific fishing fleet, 2015–2016, winner of the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
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