Braille bahasa Urdu Pakistan Braille Urdu Pakistan | |
---|---|
Jenis | |
Bahasa | bahasa Urdu (di Pakistan) |
Aksara induk | Braille
|
Asas cetakan | abjad Urdu |
Braille bahasa Urdu India Braille Urdu India | |
---|---|
Jenis | abjad (?)
|
Bahasa | bahasa Urdu (di India) |
Aksara induk | Braille
|
Asas cetakan | aksara Dewanagari |
Menurut UNESCO (2013),[1] terdapat abjad braille yang berbeza untuk Urdu di India dan di Pakistan. Abjad India berdasarkan Braille Bharati negara, manakala abjad Pakistan berdasarkan Braille Parsi.
Abjad
- Catatan: Tidak jelas adakah ini dari kanan ke kiri atau kiri ke kanan. Arah beberapa dwihuruf mungkin membingungkan.
Cetakan | Pakistan | India | |
---|---|---|---|
ا | – | (?) | |
آ | ā | ||
ب | b | ||
بھ | bh | ||
پ | p | ||
پھ | ph | ||
ت | t | ||
تھ | th | ||
ٹ | ṭ | [2] | |
ٹھ | ṭh | [2] | |
ث | ṯ /s/ | ||
ج | j | ||
جھ | jh | ||
چ | c | ||
چھ | ch | ||
ح | ḥ | ||
خ | x | ||
د | d | ||
دھ | dh | [3] | |
ڈ | ḍ | ||
ڈھ | ḍh | [3] | |
ذ | ḏ /z/ | ||
ر | r | ||
ڑ | ṛ | ||
ڑھ | ṛh | [3] | |
ز | z | ||
ژ | ž | [4] | |
س | s | ||
ش | š | ||
ص | ṡ /s/ | ||
ض | ḋ /z/ | ||
ط | ṫ /t/ | ||
ظ | ż /z/ | ||
ع | ‘ | ||
غ | ğ | ||
ف | f | ||
ق | q | ||
ک | k | ||
کھ | kh | [3] | |
گ | g | ||
گھ | gh | [3] | |
ل | l | ||
م | m | ||
ن | n | ||
ں | (sengau) | ||
و | v/w | v ū ō au | |
ه | h | ||
ء | ’ | (?) | |
ی | y | y ī | |
ے | ē | ē ai | |
َ◌ | a | (?) | |
ِ◌ | i | (sama?) | |
ُ◌ | u | (sama?) | |
ّ◌ | (dbl) | (?) |
Tidak jelas adakah vokal dalam braille Urdu India mengikuti pengucapan dan padanan braille Dewanagari, atau ortografi cetakan.
Pemendekan
Braille Urdu Pakistan mempunyai beberapa pemendekan di luar konsonan embus:
Tanda baca
Tanda baca asas di Pakistan sama seperti India. Lihat Braille Bharati#Tanda baca.
Lihat juga
Rujukan
- ^ World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
- ^ a b Or perhaps the reverse, ⠕ ṭ and ⠪ ṭh. (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff.)
- ^ a b c d e Not specifically attested. Assumed from the assignment of ⠦ to the print digraph element ھ .
- ^ Or perhaps a single glyph, ⠽ ž (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff), though according to UNESCO, that is the braille glyph for يا yā.
- ^ a b A duplication in the UNESCO reference, presumably an error. ⠔ may be ان instead, in which case ⠑ is probably also a mistake for اس . It appears that UNESCO got the letters backwards for several of the contractions.
- ^ Written hamza–alif, but labeled alif–hamza.