| Pencerobohan Soviet ke atas Poland | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Pencerobohan Poland dalam Perang Dunia II | |||||||||
 Perarakan Soviet di Lwów, September 1939, selepas penyerahan bandar tersebut | |||||||||
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| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small} Poland |
 Kesatuan SovietSekutu bersama:  Jerman | ||||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||||
|
Edward Rydz-Śmigły |
Mikhail Kovalev Semyon Timoshenko | ||||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||||
|
20,000 Kor Perlindungan Sempadan[1][Note 1] 450,000 Tentera Poland[2][Note 2] |
600,000–800,000 askar[2][3] 33+ divisyen 11+ briged 4,959 meriam 4,736 kereta kebal 3,300 pesawat | ||||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||||
|
Jumlah: ~343,000–477,000 3,000–7,000 terbunuh atau hilang[1][4] Sehingga 20,000 cedera[1][Note 3] 320,000–450,000 ditawan[5]:85 |
Jumlah: 3,858–13,000 1,475–3,000 terbunuh atau hilang 2,383–10,000 cedera[Note 4] | ||||||||
Pencerobohan Soviet ke atas Poland merupakan satu konflik ketenteraan oleh Kesatuan Soviet tanpa pengisytiharan perang secara rasmi. Pada 17 September 1939, Kesatuan Soviet menceroboh Republik Poland Kedua dari timur, 16 hari selepas Jerman Nazi menceroboh Poland dari barat. Operasi ketenteraan berikutnya berlangsung selama 20 hari dan berakhir pada 6 Oktober 1939 dengan pembahagian dua hala serta aneksasi keseluruhan wilayah Republik Poland Kedua oleh Jerman Nazi dan Kesatuan Soviet.[7] Pembahagian ini kadang kala dikenali sebagai Pembahagian Keempat Poland. Pencerobohan Soviet (dan juga Jerman) ke atas Poland secara tidak langsung disebut dalam "protokol rahsia" Pakatan Molotov–Ribbentrop yang ditandatangani pada 23 Ogos 1939, yang membahagikan Poland kepada "lingkungan pengaruh" kedua-dua kuasa tersebut.[8] Kerjasama Jerman dan Soviet dalam pencerobohan ini sering digambarkan sebagai rakan perang.[9][10]
Bilangan askar Tentera Merah yang melebihi bilangan askar pertahanan Poland, mencapai sasarannya dengan hanya menghadapi tentangan terhad. Sekitar 320,000 orang Poland telah ditawan sebagai tawanan perang.[4][11] Kempen penindasan besar-besaran di kawasan yang baru diperolehi bermula serta-merta. Pada November 1939, kerajaan Soviet telah menganeksasi seluruh wilayah Poland yang berada di bawah kawalannya. Sekitar 13.5 juta rakyat Poland yang jatuh di bawah pendudukan tentera dijadikan rakyat Soviet selepas pilihan raya palsu yang dijalankan oleh polis rahsia NKVD dalam suasana ketakutan,[12][13][14] dan hasilnya digunakan untuk mengabsahkan penggunaan kekerasan. Satu kempen pembunuhan politik dan penindasan lain oleh Soviet, yang menyasarkan tokoh-tokoh berkuasa Poland seperti pegawai tentera, polis dan paderi, bermula dengan gelombang penangkapan dan hukuman mati tanpa bicara.[Note 5][15][16] Pasukan NKVD Soviet telah menghantar ratusan ribu orang dari timur Poland ke Siberia dan kawasan terpencil lain di Kesatuan Soviet dalam empat gelombang besar pengusiran antara 1939 hingga 1941.[Note 6]Tentera Soviet menduduki timur Poland sehingga musim panas 1941 apabila Jerman membatalkan Pakatan Molotov–Ribbentrop dengan Soviet dan menyerang Kesatuan Soviet di bawah nama kod Operasi Barbarossa. Kawasan itu berada di bawah pendudukan Jerman sehingga Tentera Merah menakluki semula wilayah tersebut pada musim panas 1944. Satu perjanjian di Persidangan Yalta membenarkan Kesatuan Soviet menganeksasi wilayah berhampiran Garis Curzon (yang hampir bertepatan dengan bahagian wilayah Republik Poland Kedua yang diperoleh melalui Pakatan Molotov–Ribbentrop), dan sebagai pampasan, Republik Rakyat Poland diberikan sebahagian besar selatan Prusia Timur dan wilayah di timur Garisan Oder-Neisse.[19] Kesatuan Soviet telah menambahkan wilayah yang dianeksasi kepada Ukraine, Belarusia dan Republik Sosialis Soviet Lithuania.[19]
Selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua di Eropah, Kesatuan Soviet menandatangani Perjanjian sempadan Poland–Soviet Ogos 1945 dengan Kerajaan Perpaduan Kebangsaan Sementara Poland yang baru dan diiktiraf antarabangsa pada 16 Ogos 1945. Perjanjian ini mengiktiraf status quo sebagai sempadan rasmi baru antara kedua-dua negara, kecuali kawasan sekitar Białystok dan sebahagian kecil Galicia di timur Sungai San berhampiran Przemyśl, yang kemudiannya dipulangkan semula kepada Poland.[20]
Lihat juga
- Askar terkutuk 1944–1947
- Pengungsian orang awam Poland dari USSR dalam Perang Dunia II
- Hubungan Jerman–Kesatuan Soviet, 1918–1941
- Sejarah Poland (1939–1945)
- Operasi Poland oleh NKVD 1937–1938
- Penglibatan Rusia dalam pertukaran rejim
- Penindasan Soviet terhadap warga Poland (1939–1946)
- Senarai peralatan ketenteraan Jerman dalam Perang Dunia II
- Senarai peralatan ketenteraan Kesatuan Soviet dalam Perang Dunia II
- Senarai peralatan ketenteraan Poland dalam Perang Dunia II
Nota
- ^ Increasing numbers of Border Protection Corps units, as well as Polish Army units stationed in the East during peacetime, were sent to the Polish-German border before or during the German invasion. The Border Protection Corps forces guarding the eastern border numbered approximately 20,000 men.[1]
- ^ The retreat from the Germans disrupted and weakened Polish Army units, making estimates of their strength problematic. Sanford estimated that approximately 450,000 troops found themselves in the line of the Soviet advance and offered only sporadic resistance.[1]
- ^ The figures do not take into account the approximately 2,500 prisoners of war executed in immediate reprisals or by anti-Polish Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.[1]
- ^ Soviet official losses – figures provided by Krivosheev – are currently estimated at 1,475 KIA or MIA presumed dead (Ukrainian Front – 972, Belorussian Front – 503), and 2,383 WIA (Ukrainian Front – 1,741, Belorussian Front – 642). The Soviets lost approximately 150 tanks in combat of which 43 as irrecoverable losses, while hundreds more suffered technical failures.[3] Sanford indicates that Polish estimates of Soviet losses are 3,000 dead and 10,000 wounded.[1] Russian historian Igor Bunich estimates Soviet losses at 5,327 KIA or MIA without a trace and WIA.[6]
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland. m/s. 12. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
In September, even before the start of the Nazi atrocities that horrified the world, the Soviets began their own program of systematic individual and mass executions. On the outskirts of Lwów, several hundred policemen were executed at one time. Near Łuniniec, officers and noncommissioned officers of the Frontier Defence Cops together with some policemen, were ordered into barns, taken out and shot ... after December 1939, 300 Polish priests were killed. And there were many other such incidents.
- ^ The exact number of people deported between 1939 and 1941 remains unknown. Estimates vary between 350,000 and more than 1.5 million; Rummel estimates the number at 1.2 million, and Kushner and Knox 1.5 million.[17][18]
Rujukan
Petikan
- ^ a b c d e f g Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaSanford 20-24 - ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaPWN_KW_old - ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaKrivosheev - ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaWojsko92 - ^ Steve Zaloga (2004). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-98278-2.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaWIF - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaGross 17-18 - ^ "The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939". Fordham University. 26 Januari 1996. Dicapai pada 19 September 2020.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama:0 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama:1 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaPWN - ^ Empty citation (bantuan)
- ^ Empty citation (bantuan)
- ^ Empty citation (bantuan)
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaRummel 130 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaRieber 30 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaRummel 132 - ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaKushner 219 - ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaWettig 47 - ^ Empty citation (bantuan)
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Pautan luar
Kategori berkenaan Pencerobohan Soviet ke atas Poland di Wikimedia Commons- Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
