Pembunuhan Wounded Knee - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Pembunuhan Wounded Knee
	Sebahagian daripada Perang Ghost Dance dan Perang Sioux
	; Kubur besar untuk mayat Lakota selepas pembunuhan beramai-ramai
Tarikh	29 Disember 1890
Lokasi	Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota43°08′33″N 102°21′54″W / 43.14250°N 102.36500°W
Keputusan	Lihat Melawan dan berikutnya pembunuhan beramai-ramai
Pihak yang terlibat
Amerika Syarikat	Miniconjou Lakota ; Hunkpapa Lakota
Komandan dan pemimpin
James Forsyth	Spotted Elk †
Kekuatan
490	120
Kerugian dan korban
31 mati ; 33 cedera	90 mati ; 4 cedera
	200 wanita dan kanak-kanak terbunuh ; 46 wanita dan kanak-kanak cedera
	Lokasi dalam Dakota Selatan Pembunuhan Wounded Knee (Amerika Syarikat)

Pembunuhan Wounded Knee atau Pertempuran Wounded Knee (bahasa Inggeris: Wounded Knee Massacre)) adalah pembunuhan beramai-ramai yang dilakukan askar-askar Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat terhadap beberapa ratus orang Lakota; ia berlaku pada 29 Disember 1890^[5] berhampiran Wounded Knee Creek ( Lakota : Čhaŋkpé Ópi Wakpála ) di Rizab Pine Ridge di negeri Dakota Selatan, Amerika Syarikat. Kejadian ini berlaku berikutan kegagalan pihak detasemen Rejimen Kavaleri ke-7 AS diketuai Mejar Samuel M. Whitside melucutkan senjata pihak Lakota puak Miniconjou dan Hunkpapa pimpinan Uŋpȟáŋ Glešká berhampiran Porcupine Butte ke Wounded Knee Creek, sejauh 5 batu (8.0 km) arah barat.

Pihak Lakota cuba melarikan diri berikutan suatu pergelutan, namun askar-askar tentera Amerika Syarikat berjaya mengepung mereka dan segera menembak ke arah mereka. Lebih daripada 250 orang lelaki, wanita, dan anak-anak Lakota telah terbunuh dan 51 lagi cedera (4 lelaki dan 47 wanita dan kanak-kanak, beberapa di antaranya meninggal kemudian); ada yang menganggarkan bilangan mangsa korban setinggi 300 orang. Dua puluh lima orang askar juga terkorban manakala tiga puluh sembilan orang askar lain cedera (enam daripada mereka mati akibat luka dibawa);^[6] dua puluh orang askar dianugerahkan Pingat Kehormatan.^[7]

Pada tahun 2001, Kongres Nasional Indian Amerika meluluskan dua resolusi yang mengecam sambil menggesa pembatalan pengiktirafan ini. ^[8] Lokasi berlakunya pembunuhan ini telah dijadikan suatu Mercu Tanda Bersejarah Kebangsaan oleh Jabatan Dalam Negeri Amerika Syarikat. ^[9] Pada tahun 1990, kedua-dua dewan Kongres meluluskan resolusi formal yang menyatakan "penyesalan mendalam" atas pembunuhan itu.^[10]

Pendorong

Pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, bangsa Lakota sering ditimpa penindasan oleh pemerintah Amerika Syarikat yang tidak sahaja merampas tanah milik mereka sekitar kawasan besar Gerat Plains, malah juga membenarkan pendudukan para pendatang Eropah yang memburu habis-habisan kawanan bison setempat yang merupakan sumber makanan utama mereka; hal ini turut melanggar perjanjian yang dimeterai melindungi tanah-tanah asli daripada dicerobohi para pelombong emas dan peneroka. ^[11]^[12]

Pada ketika ini juga, suatu gerakan agama baru mula tersebar sesama warga peribumi iaitu Nanissáanah - gerakan ini ditubuhkan Wovoka yang menyatakan bahawa Yesus Kristus telah kembali ke Bumi dalam jelmaan orang Asli Amerika,^[13] malah leluhur mereka dipercayai dapat diseru untuk menghalau para pendatang Eropah sambil mengembalikan kawanan haiwan buruan mereka menjadi banyak.

Kejadian pembunuhan

Penerimaan

Rujukan

^ Utley, m/s. 201.
^ Brown, m/s. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot. (Brown menyatakan bahawa di kem tentera, "orang India dihitung dengan teliti." Utley, hlm. 204, terdapat 120 lelaki, 230 wanita dan kanak-kanak; tidak ada petunjuk berapa banyak pahlawan, lelaki tua, atau sakit yang tidak mampu seperti Foot.)
^ "Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre". Dicapai pada December 9, 2014. resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Native Americans.
^ Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children." (Laporan rasmi menjadikan jumlahnya terbunuh 90 pahlawan dan kira-kira 200 wanita dan kanak-kanak.)
^ "National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee". National Park Service. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 10, 2003. Dicapai pada January 10, 2008.
^ Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter, p. 25 Publisher: National Woodlands Publishing Company; 1st edition (1991) Language: English ISBN 0-9628075-1-6
^ Green, Jerry (1994). "The Medals of Wounded Knee" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75, pp. 200–208. Nebraska State Historical Society History. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 Jun 2017-. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2019. Check date values in: |archive-date= (bantuan)
^ "Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information". Footnote.com. Dicapai pada August 17, 2011.
^ "National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee". National Park Service. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 10, 2003. Dicapai pada January 10, 2008.
^ AP (October 29, 1990). "Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre". Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Sd); United States: NYTimes.com. Dicapai pada 26 Julai 2016.
^ Hall, Kermit L (ed.), The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States, Oxford Press, 1992; section: "Native Americans," p. 580 ISBN 0-19-505835-6
^ To this day, the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them. A 1980 Supreme Court decision (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation, increased by interest to $757 million, but not the return of the land which the Sioux sought. The Lakota have refused to take the money, demanding instead the return of the land.
^ "Wovoka." PBS: New Perspectives on the West. (retrieved August 6, 2010)

Bacaan lanjut

Andersson, Rani-Henrik. The Lakota Ghost Dance of 1890. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.ISBN 978-0-8032-1073-8.
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, Owl Books (1970). ISBN 0-8050-6669-1.
Craft, Francis M. At Standing Rock and Wounded Knee: The Journals and Papers of Father Francis M. Craft, 1888-1890, edited and annotated by Thomas W. Foley, Norman, Oklahoma: The Arthur H. Clark Company (2009). ISBN 978-0-87062-372-1.
Champlin, Tim. A Trail To Wounded Knee : A Western Story. Five Star (2001).
Coleman, William S.E. Voices of Wounded Knee, University of Nebraska Press (2000). ISBN 0-8032-1506-1.
Cozens, Peter. The Earth is Weeping: The Epic Story on the Indian wars for the American West, Atlantic Books (20160) ISBN 978-1-78649-151-0.
Foley, Thomas W. Father Francis M. Craft, Missionary to the Sioux, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (2002). ISBN 0-8032-2015-4.
Greene, Jerome A. American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
Hämäläinen, Peka. Lakota America: A New History of Indigenous Power, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (2019). ISBN 978-0-300-21595-3.
Smith, Rex Alan. Moon of Popping Trees. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (1981). ISBN 0-8032-9120-5.
Treuer, David. The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee : Native America from 1890 to the Present. New York: Riverhead Books (2019). ISBN 978-1594633157
Utley, Robert M. Last Days of the Sioux Nation. 2nd Edition New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (2004). ISBN 978-0300103168.
Utley, Robert M. The Indian Frontier 1846–1890. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press (2003). ISBN 0-8263-2998-5.
Utley, Robert M. Frontier Regulars The United States Army and the Indian 1866–1891. New York: Macmillan Publishing (1973). ISBN 0-8032-9551-0.
Yenne, Bill. Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West, Westholme (2005). ISBN 1-59416-016-3.

Rujukan

The Wounded Knee Museum
"Walter Mason Camp Collection," himpunana arkib catatan dan foto dari peristiwa ini dari Brigham Young University
"A Dark Day" – Education Resource, Dakota Pathways
"THE GHOST DANCE.; HOW THE INDIANS WORK THEMSELVES UP TO FIGHTING PITCH", laporan New York Times mengenai kejadian ini 22 November 1890
Army at Wounded Knee
Remember the Massacre at Wounded Knee. Jacobin. 29 Disember 2016.

Pautan luar

[1] Utley, m/s. 201.

[2] Brown, m/s. 178, Brown states that at the army camp, "the Indians were carefully counted." Utley, p. 204, gives 120 men, 230 women and children; there is no indication how many were warriors, old men, or incapacitated sick like Foot. (Brown menyatakan bahawa di kem tentera, "orang India dihitung dengan teliti." Utley, hlm. 204, terdapat 120 lelaki, 230 wanita dan kanak-kanak; tidak ada petunjuk berapa banyak pahlawan, lelaki tua, atau sakit yang tidak mampu seperti Foot.)

[autogenerated1-3] "Plains Humanities: Wounded Knee Massacre". Dicapai pada December 9, 2014. resulted in the deaths of more than 250, and possibly as many as 300, Native Americans.

[Miles-4] Nelson A. Miles to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, March 13, 1917, "The official reports make the number killed 90 warriors and approximately 200 women and children." (Laporan rasmi menjadikan jumlahnya terbunuh 90 pahlawan dan kira-kira 200 wanita dan kanak-kanak.)

[nps-5] "National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee". National Park Service. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 10, 2003. Dicapai pada January 10, 2008.

[6] Wounded Knee & the Ghost Dance Tragedy by Jack Utter, p. 25 Publisher: National Woodlands Publishing Company; 1st edition (1991) Language: English ISBN 0-9628075-1-6

[JerryGreen-7] Green, Jerry (1994). "The Medals of Wounded Knee" (PDF). Nebraska State Historical Society, also available in Nebraska History #75, pp. 200–208. Nebraska State Historical Society History. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 Jun 2017-. Dicapai pada 1 Julai 2019. Check date values in: |archive-date= (bantuan)

[Congress-8] "Lakota~WOUNDED KNEE: A Campaign to Rescind Medals: story, pictures and information". Footnote.com. Dicapai pada August 17, 2011.

[nps2-9] "National Historic Landmarks Program: Wounded Knee". National Park Service. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 10, 2003. Dicapai pada January 10, 2008.

[10] AP (October 29, 1990). "Congress Adjourns – Century Afterward, Apology For Wounded Knee Massacre". Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (Sd); United States: NYTimes.com. Dicapai pada 26 Julai 2016.

[11] Hall, Kermit L (ed.), The Oxford Guide to the Supreme Court of the United States, Oxford Press, 1992; section: "Native Americans," p. 580 ISBN 0-19-505835-6

[12] To this day, the Sioux have refused to accept compensation for the Black Hills land seized from them. A 1980 Supreme Court decision (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians) ruled the taking was illegal and awarded compensation, increased by interest to $757 million, but not the return of the land which the Sioux sought. The Lakota have refused to take the money, demanding instead the return of the land.

[pbs-13] "Wovoka." PBS: New Perspectives on the West. (retrieved August 6, 2010)

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