Liga Hansa (Jerman: Deutsche Hanse; Belanda: De Hanze; Latin: Hansa Teutonica)[1] adalah gabungan kelompok-kelompok saudagar komersial dan pertahanan serta bandar pasar yang pernah wujud serata pantai timur Eropah Tengah. Liga ini lama menguasai perdagangan laut Baltik selama berkurun-kurun lamanya daripada asasnya sebagai gabungan beberapa kota di Jerman Utara pada akhir tahun 1100-an. Gabungan ini menjangkau dari laut Baltik hinggalah ke Laut Utara dan jauh ke darat semasa Akhir Zaman Pertengahan dan merosost secara perlahan-lahan selepas tahun 1450.
Hansa[2] merupakan perkataan bahasa Jerman Tinggi lama merujuk kepada "iringan" yakni kelompok saudagar yang diiring berurusan dagang antara kota-kota daratan atau tepi laut ini.[3]
Gabungan ini dibentuk bagi melindungi kepentingan ekonomi dan keistimewaan diplomatik gencana dalam kota dan negara sokongan mereka serta laluan yang digunakan para saudagar untuk perniagaan mereka. Gabungan ini mempunyai sistem perundangan mereka sendiri serta balatentera untuk tujuan pertolongan dan perlindungan bersama. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidaklah merupakan sebuah negara yang tersendiri mahupun suatu gabungan negara kota - hanyak segelintir sahaja kota yang mendapat kebebasan dan keistimewaan berautonomi dalam Liga ini yang setaraf dengan kota yang mempunyai perwakilan sendiri dalam sesebuah empayar (kota imperial bebas, free imperial city).[4]
Pentadbiran
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kota-kota anggota
[sunting | sunting sumber] | Rencana ini memerlukan kemas kini dalam Bahasa Melayu piawai Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Silalah membantu. Anda boleh rujuk: Laman Perbincangannya • Dasar dan Garis Panduan Wikipedia • Manual Menyunting |
Nama-nama bahagian kuarter disingkat dalam jadual:
- Wend: kuarter Wend dan Pomerania[5] (atau Wend saja)[6]:120
- Sachsen: kuarter Sachsen, Thuringen dan Brandenburg[5] (atau Sachsen saja)[6]:120
- Baltik: kuarter Prusia, Livonia dan Sweden[5] (atau Baltik Timur)[6]:120
- Westfalen: kuarter Rhein-Westfalen dan Belanda[5] (atau Rheinland)[6]:120
- Kontor: bukanlah kota anggota Hansa, namun pos dagang asing milik Liga ini.
| Kuarter | Kota | Kawasan | Kini dirangkum dalam | Tahun masuk | Tahunkeluar | Notes | Rujukan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wend |  |
|
 Jerman
|
Kota pusat liga, kota lingkungan-lingkungan Wend dan Pomerania | |||
| Wend |  |
|
Jerman
|
||||
| Wend |  |
 |
Jerman
|
||||
| Wend |  |
 |
Jerman
|
Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards). | |||
| Wend |  |
|
Jerman
|
Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). | |||
| Wend |  |
 |
Jerman
|
1,293 | Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Stralsund menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Greifswald, Demmin dan Anklam. | ||
| Wend |  |
 |
Jerman
|
Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Demmin menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Greifswald dan Anklam. | |||
| Wend |  |
|
Jerman
|
Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Greifswald menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam. | |||
| Wend |  |
|
Jerman
|
Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Anklam menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin. | |||
| Wend |  |
|
 Poland
|
1,278 | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east | ||
| Wend |  |
|
Jerman
|
||||
| Wend |  |
|
Poland
|
||||
| Wend |  |
|
Poland
|
||||
| Wend |  |
|
Poland
|
||||
| Baltik |  |
 |
 Sweden
|
1,470 | In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined bersama Sweden.[perlu rujukan] In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, bersama Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525. | ||
| Baltik |  |
|
Sweden
|
||||
| Sachsen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
13th century | 17th century | Capital of the Sachsen, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle | |
| Sachsen |  |
|
Jerman
|
1,260 | |||
| Sachsen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
13th century | Capital of the Sachsen, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle | ||
| Sachsen |  |
|
Jerman
|
1,267 | 1,566 | Goslar merupakan fief Saxony sehingga tahun 1280. | |
| Sachsen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
1,430 | |||
| Sachsen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
||||
| Sachsen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
1,442 | Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elektor Frederick II menyebabkan semua kota Brandenburg keluar dari Liga tahun 1442.. | ||
| Sachsen | .png) |
|
Jerman
|
1,430 | 1,442 | Elektor Frederick II menyebabkan semua kota Brandenburg keluar dari Liga tahun 1442.. | |
| Baltik |  |
 |
Poland
|
1,358 | Kota lingkungan-lingkungan Prusia, Livonia dan Sweden (atau Baltik Timur). Danzig had been first a part of the Duci Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 sehingga 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland. | ||
| Baltik |  |
|
Poland
|
1,358 | Elbing pada asalnya sebahagian Old Prussians, sehingga 1230-an when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland. | ||
| Baltik |  |
|
Poland
|
1,280 | Toruń sebahagian daripada State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 sehingga 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland. | ||
| Baltik |  |
 |
Poland
|
1,370 | 1,500 | Kraków ibukota Kerajaan Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated bersama Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings. | |
| Baltik | .svg) |
 |
Poland
|
1,387 | 1,474 | Breslau, a part of the Duci Breslau and the Kerajaan Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings | |
| Baltik | .svg) |
|
 Rusia
|
1,340 | Königsberg kota markas Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown sehingga gaining its independence in the 1660 Perjanjian Oliva. Kota ini dinamakan semula sebagai Kaliningrad tahun 1946 berikutan pembahagian Prusia Timur antara Republik Rakyat Poland dan Kesatuan Soviet semasa Persidangan Potsdam. | ||
| Baltik |  |
 |
 Latvia
|
1,282 | During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city sehingga the 1581 Perjanjian Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sehingga the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625). | ||
| Baltik | .svg) |
|
 Estonia
|
1,285 | On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, bersama the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire. | ||
| Baltik |  |
|
Estonia
|
1280s | The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duci Lithuania, with the 1581 Perjanjian Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sehingga the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625). | ||
| Westfalen |  |
|
Jerman
|
1,669 | Capital of the Rhine-Westfalen and Netherlands Circle sehingga after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (Jerman: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne. | ||
| Westfalen |  |
|
Jerman
|
After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westfalen and Netherlands Circle. | |||
| Westfalen | |
 |
 Belanda
|
1,000 | 1,500 | ||
| Westfalen | .svg) |
|
Belanda
|
1,441 | |||
| Westfalen |  |
.svg) |
Belanda
|
||||
| Westfalen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
||||
| Westfalen |  |
 |
Jerman
|
12th century | |||
| Westfalen |  |
|
Jerman
|
1,609 | The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne sehingga acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned bersama Duci Cleves. |
Pelabuhan dengan pejabat berhubungan Liga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Bristol[8]
- Boston[8][14][28][31]:95
- Damme[8]
- Leith[8][28]
- Hull[8][28]
- Newcastle[8][28]
- Great Yarmouth[8][28]
- York[8][28]
Kota lain dengan hubungan Hansa tersendiri
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aberdeen[32]
- Åbo (Turku)[28]
- Arnhem[30]:432;[33]
- Avaldsnes[14][34]
- Bolsward[11][35]
- Bordeaux[28]
- Brae[28]
- Doesburg[29][30]:433
- Fellin (Viljandi)[12][27]
- Goldingen (Kuldīga)[27]
- Göttingen[7][11][12][36]
- Grindavík[28]
- Grundarfjörður[28]
- Gunnister[28][34][37]
- Haapsalu[27]
- Hafnarfjörður[14][28][38]
- Hamelin[12]
- Hanover[7][11][12]
- Harlingen[perlu rujukan]
- Haroldswick[28]
- Hasselt[7][10][29]
- Hattem[10][29]
- Herford[9]:82;[10][11][12][31]:391
- Hildesheim[7][11][12]
- Hindeloopen (Hylpen)[30]:397;[39]
- Kalmar[10][40]
- Kokenhusen (Koknese) [10][12][27][41][42][43]
- á Krambatangi[14][34]
- Kumbaravogur[44]
- Kulm (Chełmno)[7][10][12]
- Lemgo[7][10][11][12]
- Lemsal (Limbaži)[10][12][27]
- Lippe[7][11]
- Lunna Wick[28]
- Minden[7][10][11][12]
- Naples[40]
- Nantes[28]
- Narva[27][28]
- Nijmegen[10][11][14]
- Nordhausen[7][10]
- Nyborg[28]
- Nyköping[10]
- Oldenzaal[10]
- Paderborn[7][10][12]
- Pernau (Pärnu)[7][10][12][27]
- Roermond[perlu rujukan]
- Roop (Straupe)[27]
- Scalloway
- Smolensk
- Stargard (Stargard Szczeciński) [7][8][10][12][19]:476
- Stavoren (Starum)[30]:398
- Tórshavn[14][28]
- Trondheim[34]
- Tver
- Walk (Valka)[27]
- Weißenstein (Paide)[27]
- Wenden (Cēsis)[10][12][26]:60[27]
- Wesel[10][11]
- Wesenberg (Rakvere)[27]
- Wilno (Vilnius)[27][28]
- Windau (Ventspils)[10][27]
- Wolmar (Valmiera)[10][12][27]
- Zutphen[7][10][11][29][30]:433
- Zwolle[7][10][11][29][30]:433, 439
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Synonym-Details zu 'Deutsche Hanse · Düdesche Hanse · Hansa Teutonica (lat.)". openthesaurus. Dicapai pada 9 June 2018.
- ^ "Hansa – Hanse". Lexikus. Dicapai pada 9 June 2018.
- ^ "Hanse". Planet Wissen. 11 March 2018. Dicapai pada 9 June 2018.
- ^ Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: an investigation. Royal Danish Academy of Sciences & Letters: Copenhagen Polis Centre (Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 21). m/s. 305.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Natkiel, Richard (1989). Atlas of Maritime History. Smithmark Publishing. m/s. 33. ISBN 0-8317-0485-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Michael Keating,Regions and regionalism in Europe, 2004, Edward Elgar Publishing, pages 47 and 120
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaFalke - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. m/s. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. m/s. [https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar–UcC&pg=PA32 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. m/s. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. Dicapai pada 15 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. m/s. 35 and 496–97.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse [The German Hanseatic League]. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. m/s. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". Dalam Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (penyunting). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (dalam bahasa German). Lang. m/s. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions" (PDF). Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 24 July 2011.
- ^ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. Dicapai pada 28 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Buchholz, Werner; dll. (1999). Pommern (dalam bahasa German). Siedler. m/s. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "Varför ruinerades Visby" [Why is Visby ruined]. Goteinfo.com (dalam bahasa Sweden). Dicapai pada 30 April 2011.
- ^ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
- ^ a b c d Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. m/s. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaBlumówna - ^ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. m/s. 6.
- ^ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
- ^ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV [Everyday life in medieval Krakow: 13th–15th century]. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
- ^ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza [Everyday life of citizens of Wrocław during medieval times]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. m/s. 160.
- ^ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich [Wrocław History: From Prehistory to the end of the Habsburg era]. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. m/s. 152.
- ^ a b Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. m/s. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMills - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMehler EPOC - ^ a b c d e f g ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. m/s. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. m/s. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pTZJUc–TP9MC&lpg=PA134 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1.
- ^ a b Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaWard - ^ Mitchell, Alex. "The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen". Aberdeen Civic Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-08-12. Dicapai pada 1 May 2011.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997). Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. m/s. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-877-79546-9.
|access-date=requires|url=(bantuan) - ^ a b c d Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaMehler Hansa - ^ Miruß, Alexander (1838). Das See-Recht und die Fluß-Schifffahrt nach den Preußischen Gesetzen. Leipzig: JC Hinrichsschen Buchhandlung. m/s. 17. Dicapai pada 2 May 2011.
- ^ "Göttingen". Encyclopædia Brittanica. Dicapai pada 2 May 2011.
- ^ Gardiner, Mark (2010). "The Hanseatic trading site at Gunnister Voe, Shetland" (PDF). Post-Medieval Archaeology. 44 (2): 347–49. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2011-07-24. Dicapai pada 2020-07-16. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan) - ^ Bjarnadóttir, Kristín (2006). "Mathematical Education in Iceland in Historical Context". Roskilde University. m/s. 52. ISSN 0106-6242. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2016-05-24. Dicapai pada 2 May 2011.
- ^ Wild, Albert (1862). Die Niederlande: ihre Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Volume 2. Wigand. m/s. page 250. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan);|access-date=requires|url=(bantuan) - ^ a b Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Routledge. m/s. pages 128 and 352. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2.
|pages=has extra text (bantuan);|access-date=requires|url=(bantuan) - ^ "History of Koknese". Koknese official website. 10 January 2011. Dicapai pada 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Collector Coin Koknese". National Bank of Latvia. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-09-26. Dicapai pada 15 May 2011.
- ^ Könnecke, Jochen (2005). Lettland. DuMont Reiseverlag. m/s. pages 23, 26–7 and 161. ISBN 978-3-7701-6386-1. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (bantuan); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan);|pages=has extra text (bantuan) - ^ Mehler, Natascha (October 2010). "The Operation of International Trade in Iceland and Shetland (ca 1400–1700)". University of Vienna. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-24. Dicapai pada 15 May 2011.
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kategori:
- CS1 errors: access-date without URL
- Rencana yang mengandungi teks bahasa Jerman Rendah Pertengahan
- Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber dari April 2011
- Laman menggunakan div col dengan parameter tidak diketahui
- Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber dari May 2011
- Semua rencana dengan kenyataan tidak bersumber dari December 2011
- Abad ke-14 di Eropah
- Laut Baltik
- Liga Hansa
- Pertubuhan perdagangan antarabangsa
- Eropah Utara