Konflik proksi Iran–Arab Saudi - Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas

Konflik proksi Iran-Arab Saudi, kadang-kadang juga disebut Perang Dingin Iran-Arab Saudi,^[1] Perang Dingin Timur Tengah^[2] atau Konflik Timur Tengah,^[3] ialah perjuangan yang berterusan untuk pengaruh di Timur Tengah dan kawasan sekitar antara Republik Islam Iran dan Kerajaan Arab Saudi.^[4] Kedua-dua negara telah menyediakan pelbagai tahap sokongan untuk menentang pihak dalam konflik yang berdekatan, termasuk perang saudara di Syria,^[5]^[6]^[7] Yemen,^[8]^[9] dan Iraq.^[10] Persaingan juga meliputi pertikaian di Bahrain,^[11] Lubnan,^[12] Qatar, ^[13] Pakistan,^[14]^[15] Afghanistan,^[16]^[17] Nigeria,^[18]^[19] dan Maghribi,^[20] serta persaingan yang lebih luas di Afrika Utara dan Timur,^[21] bahagian Asia Selatan,^[22] Asia Tengah,^[23] dan Kaukasus.^[24]

Dalam apa yang telah digambarkan sebagai perang dingin, konflik itu dilakukan pada pelbagai peringkat atas pengaruh geopolitik, ekonomi, dan sektarian dalam usaha mengejar hegemoni serantau.^[25]^[26] Sokongan Amerika untuk Arab Saudi dan sekutu serta sokongan Rusia dan China untuk Iran dan sekutunya telah membuat perbandingan dengan dinamika era Perang Dingin, dan konflik proksi telah dicirikan sebagai perdana dalam apa yang Perdana Menteri Rusia Dmitry Medvedev mempunyai dirujuk sebagai "Perang Dingin Baru".^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]

Persaingan hari ini terutamanya perjuangan politik dan ekonomi yang diperparah oleh perbezaan agama, dan sektarianisme di rantau ini dieksploitasi oleh kedua-dua negara untuk tujuan geopolitik sebagai sebahagian daripada konflik yang lebih besar.^[26]^[31]^[32] Iran adalah sebahagian besar Syiah Muslim, sedangkan Arab Saudi melihat dirinya sebagai kuasa Sunni Muslim terkemuka.^[33]

Rujukan

^ Fitch, Asa (6 November 2017). "Iran-Saudi Cold War Intensifies as Militant Threat Fades". The Wall Street Journal. Dicapai pada 14 November 2017.
^ Gause III, F. Gregory (July 2014). "Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War" (PDF). Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper. Brookings Institution (11): 1, 3. Dicapai pada 26 October 2017.
^ "Pakistan Army Will Not Engage in the Middle East Conflict Despite Saudi Bailout Package". EurAsian Times. 25 October 2018. Dicapai pada 4 February 2019.
^ Rubin, Jennifer (6 January 2016). "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 19 June 2017.
^ Gerges, Fawaz (15 December 2013). "Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 7 March 2018.
^ Rogin, Josh (4 November 2015). "Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks". Bloomberg View. Dicapai pada 7 March 2018. ...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.
^ Loewenstein, Jennifer (2 October 2015). "Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars". CounterPunch. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018. Saudi Arabian and Iranian-backed factions are contributing to the proxy war in Syria...
^ Tisdall, Simon (25 March 2015). "Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018.
^ Browning, Noah (21 April 2015). "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war in Yemen has reached a new phase". Business Insider. Reuters. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018.
^ Rubin, Alissa J. (6 July 2016). "Iraq Before the War: A Fractured, Pent-Up Society". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 13 July 2016.
^ Mabon, Simon. "The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry". Middle East Policy Council. Dicapai pada 16 June 2017.
^ Ghattas, Kim (20 May 2016). "Iran-Saudi tensions simmer in Lebanon". BBC News. Dicapai pada 21 September 2016.
^ Kenyon, Peter (17 June 2017). "Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots". NPR. Dicapai pada 28 June 2017.
^ Panda, Ankit (22 January 2016). "Why Is Pakistan Interested in Brokering Peace Between Iran and Saudi Arabia?". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 20 June 2017.
^ Sewag, Zulqarnain (30 April 2015). "Sectarian Rise in Pakistan: Role of Saudi Arabia and Iran". 1 (3). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 February 2017. Dicapai pada 11 July 2016 – melalui gjms.co.in. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
^ Seerat, Rustam Ali (14 January 2016). "Iran and Saudi Arabia in Afghanistan". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 22 June 2017.
^ Mir, Haroun (6 April 2015). "Afghanistan stuck between Iran and Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera. Dicapai pada 21 September 2016.
^ Thurston, Alex (31 October 2016). "How far does Saudi Arabia's influence go? Look at Nigeria". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 15 November 2017.
^ Oladipo, Tomi (7 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia and Iran fight for Africa's loyalty". BBC News. Dicapai pada 15 November 2017.
^ "Morocco severs ties with Iran over support for West Sahara Polisario front: official". Reuters. 1 May 2018. Dicapai pada 1 May 2018.
^ El Harmouzi, Nouh. "Repercussions of the Saudi-Iranian Conflict on North Africa". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Dicapai pada 26 October 2017.
^ Shankar, Abha (6 October 2016). "The Saudi-Iran Rivalry and Sectarian Strife in South Asia". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 30 June 2017.
^ Peyrouse, Sebastien (6 April 2014). "Iran's Growing Role in Central Asia? Geopolitical, Economic and Political Profit and Loss Account". Al Jazeera Center for Studies. Dicapai pada 30 June 2017.
^ Dorsey, James (19 February 2018). "Expanding Regional Rivalries: Saudi Arabia and Iran battle it out in Azerbaijan". International Policy Digest. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-07-13. Dicapai pada 21 February 2018.
^ See:
^ ^a ^b Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (25 October 2017). "The Iranian–Saudi Hegemonic Rivalry". Belfer Center. Dicapai pada 19 September 2019.
^ Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). "Welcome to Cold War II". Tom Dispatch. RealClearWorld. Dicapai pada 6 October 2016.
^ Meyer, Henry; Wishart, Ian; Biryukov, Andrey (13 February 2016). "Russia's Medvedev: We Are in 'a New Cold War'". Bloomberg. Dicapai pada 6 October 2016.
^ Simpson Jr., George L. (1 March 2010). "Russian and Chinese Support for Tehran". Middle East Quarterly (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 16 March 2018.
^ Blanchard, Ben (16 November 2017). "China's Xi offers support for Saudi amid regional uncertainty". Reuters. Dicapai pada 16 March 2018.
^ Erickson, Amanda (20 December 2017). "What's behind the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Power". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 18 September 2019.
^ "The 'Cold War' between Iran and Saudi Arabia is heating up. Here are 5 things you should know about it". Agence France-Presse. 12 November 2017. Dicapai pada 18 September 2019.
^ Marcus, Jonathan (16 September 2019). "Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). BBC News. Dicapai pada 31 October 2019.

[WSJ_November_2017-1] Fitch, Asa (6 November 2017). "Iran-Saudi Cold War Intensifies as Militant Threat Fades". The Wall Street Journal. Dicapai pada 14 November 2017.

[Gause_2016-2] Gause III, F. Gregory (July 2014). "Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War" (PDF). Brookings Doha Center Analysis Paper. Brookings Institution (11): 1, 3. Dicapai pada 26 October 2017.

[3] "Pakistan Army Will Not Engage in the Middle East Conflict Despite Saudi Bailout Package". EurAsian Times. 25 October 2018. Dicapai pada 4 February 2019.

[wp2-4] Rubin, Jennifer (6 January 2016). "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 19 June 2017.

[5] Gerges, Fawaz (15 December 2013). "Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 7 March 2018.

[6] Rogin, Josh (4 November 2015). "Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks". Bloomberg View. Dicapai pada 7 March 2018. ...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.

[7] Loewenstein, Jennifer (2 October 2015). "Heading Toward a Collision: Syria, Saudi Arabia and Regional Proxy Wars". CounterPunch. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018. Saudi Arabian and Iranian-backed factions are contributing to the proxy war in Syria...

[8] Tisdall, Simon (25 March 2015). "Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis". The Guardian. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018.

[9] Browning, Noah (21 April 2015). "The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war in Yemen has reached a new phase". Business Insider. Reuters. Dicapai pada 26 February 2018.

[10] Rubin, Alissa J. (6 July 2016). "Iraq Before the War: A Fractured, Pent-Up Society". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 13 July 2016.

[11] Mabon, Simon. "The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry". Middle East Policy Council. Dicapai pada 16 June 2017.

[12] Ghattas, Kim (20 May 2016). "Iran-Saudi tensions simmer in Lebanon". BBC News. Dicapai pada 21 September 2016.

[13] Kenyon, Peter (17 June 2017). "Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots". NPR. Dicapai pada 28 June 2017.

[14] Panda, Ankit (22 January 2016). "Why Is Pakistan Interested in Brokering Peace Between Iran and Saudi Arabia?". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 20 June 2017.

[15] Sewag, Zulqarnain (30 April 2015). "Sectarian Rise in Pakistan: Role of Saudi Arabia and Iran". 1 (3). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 15 February 2017. Dicapai pada 11 July 2016 – melalui gjms.co.in. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)

[16] Seerat, Rustam Ali (14 January 2016). "Iran and Saudi Arabia in Afghanistan". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 22 June 2017.

[afghanistan-17] Mir, Haroun (6 April 2015). "Afghanistan stuck between Iran and Saudi Arabia". Al Jazeera. Dicapai pada 21 September 2016.

[18] Thurston, Alex (31 October 2016). "How far does Saudi Arabia's influence go? Look at Nigeria". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 15 November 2017.

[BBC_7_January_2016-19] Oladipo, Tomi (7 January 2016). "Saudi Arabia and Iran fight for Africa's loyalty". BBC News. Dicapai pada 15 November 2017.

[Reuters_01_May_2018-20] "Morocco severs ties with Iran over support for West Sahara Polisario front: official". Reuters. 1 May 2018. Dicapai pada 1 May 2018.

[21] El Harmouzi, Nouh. "Repercussions of the Saudi-Iranian Conflict on North Africa". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Dicapai pada 26 October 2017.

[22] Shankar, Abha (6 October 2016). "The Saudi-Iran Rivalry and Sectarian Strife in South Asia". The Diplomat. Dicapai pada 30 June 2017.

[23] Peyrouse, Sebastien (6 April 2014). "Iran's Growing Role in Central Asia? Geopolitical, Economic and Political Profit and Loss Account". Al Jazeera Center for Studies. Dicapai pada 30 June 2017.

[24] Dorsey, James (19 February 2018). "Expanding Regional Rivalries: Saudi Arabia and Iran battle it out in Azerbaijan". International Policy Digest. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2019-07-13. Dicapai pada 21 February 2018.

[25] See:

[belfer-26] Fathollah-Nejad, Ali (25 October 2017). "The Iranian–Saudi Hegemonic Rivalry". Belfer Center. Dicapai pada 19 September 2019.

[27] Klare, Michael (1 June 2013). "Welcome to Cold War II". Tom Dispatch. RealClearWorld. Dicapai pada 6 October 2016.

[28] Meyer, Henry; Wishart, Ian; Biryukov, Andrey (13 February 2016). "Russia's Medvedev: We Are in 'a New Cold War'". Bloomberg. Dicapai pada 6 October 2016.

[Simpson_2010-29] Simpson Jr., George L. (1 March 2010). "Russian and Chinese Support for Tehran". Middle East Quarterly (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 16 March 2018.

[Reuters_16_November_2017-30] Blanchard, Ben (16 November 2017). "China's Xi offers support for Saudi amid regional uncertainty". Reuters. Dicapai pada 16 March 2018.

[31] Erickson, Amanda (20 December 2017). "What's behind the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran? Power". The Washington Post. Dicapai pada 18 September 2019.

[32] "The 'Cold War' between Iran and Saudi Arabia is heating up. Here are 5 things you should know about it". Agence France-Presse. 12 November 2017. Dicapai pada 18 September 2019.

[33] Marcus, Jonathan (16 September 2019). "Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). BBC News. Dicapai pada 31 October 2019.

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