Gereja Timur ( Syria Klasik: ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā ) atau Gereja Syria Timur, [1] juga dipanggil Gereja Seleucia-Ctesiphon, [2] Gereja Parsi, Gereja Assyria, Gereja Babylonia, Gereja Chaldean [3] [4] [1] Cawangan utama Nestorian, atau satu cabang [note 1] agama Kristian Nicene Timur yang timbul daripada kontroversi Kristologi pada abad ke-5 dan abad ke-6, bersama-sama dengan Miaphysitism (yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Gereja Ortodoks Oriental ) dan Kristian Chalcedonia (dari mana Katolik, Ortodoks Timur dan Protestantisme akan timbul).
Berasal dari Mesopotamia pada zaman Empayar Parthia, Gereja Timur mengembangkan bentuk teologi dan liturgi Kristiannya yang unik. Semasa zaman moden awal, beberapa siri perpecahan menimbulkan patriarkat saingan, kadang-kadang dua, kadang-kadang tiga. [1] Pada separuh akhir abad ke-20, patriarkat tradisionalis gereja mengalami perpecahan kepada dua patriarkat saingan, iaitu Gereja Assyria Timur dan Gereja Purba Timur, yang terus mengikuti teologi tradisional dan liturgi gereja induk. Gereja Katolik Chaldean yang berpusat di Iraq dan Gereja Syro-Malabar di India adalah dua gereja Katolik Timur yang juga menuntut warisan Gereja Timur. [1]
Latar belakang
Gereja Timur menganjurkan dirinya pada awalnya pada tahun 410 sebagai gereja kebangsaan Empayar Sasania melalui Majlis Seleucia-Ctesiphon . [5] Pada 424, ia mengisytiharkan dirinya bebas daripada gereja negeri Empayar Rom, yang ia panggil 'Gereja Barat'. Gereja Timur diketuai oleh Catholicos-Patriarch of the East yang asalnya duduk di Seleucia-Ctesiphon, meneruskan garis yang, mengikut tradisinya, terbentang kembali kepada Thomas the Apostle pada abad pertama. Ritus liturginya ialah ritus Syria Timur yang menggunakan Liturgi Addai dan Mari .
Gereja Timur, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Gereja Besar, berkongsi persekutuan dengan orang-orang di Empayar Rom sehingga Majlis Efesus mengutuk Nestorius pada tahun 431. Gereja Timur enggan mengutuk Nestorius dan oleh itu secara tidak tepat dipanggil "Gereja Nestorian" oleh mereka dari gereja Imperial Rom. [6] [7] [8] Baru-baru ini, sebutan "Nestorian" telah dipanggil "nama salah yang menyedihkan", [9] [10] dan secara teologi tidak betul oleh para sarjana. [1] [11] [12] [13] [14]
Pengisytiharan Gereja Timur pada 424 mengenai kemerdekaan ketuanya, Patriarch of the East, didahului oleh tujuh tahun Majlis Efesus 431, yang mengutuk Nestorius dan mengisytiharkan bahawa Maria, ibu Yesus, boleh digambarkan sebagai Theotokos "Ibu Tuhan." Dua daripada majlis ekumenikal yang diterima umum telah diadakan lebih awal: Majlis Pertama Nicea, di mana seorang uskup Assyria mengambil bahagian, pada tahun 325, dan Majlis Pertama Konstantinopel pada tahun 381. Gereja Timur menerima ajaran kedua-dua majlis ini tetapi tidak menghiraukan Majlis 431 dan mereka yang mengikutinya, memandangkan mereka hanya berkenaan dengan Patriarchates Rom, Constantinople Empire, Constantinople Empire . Antioch, Jerusalem ), yang semuanya untuknya "Kristian Barat ." [1]
Dari segi teologi, Gereja Timur menerima pakai doktrin dyophysite Theodore of Mopsuestia [15] yang menekankan "kekhususan" sifat ketuhanan dan kemanusiaan Yesus ; doktrin ini secara mengelirukan dilabelkan sebagai 'Nestorian' oleh penentang teologinya. [15]
Meneruskan sebagai komuniti dhimmi di bawah Kekhalifahan Rasyidin selepas penaklukan Parsi oleh Muslim (633–654), Gereja Timur dan sebahagian besar ahli Assyria memainkan peranan utama dalam sejarah agama Kristian di Asia . Antara abad ke-9 dan ke-14, ia mewakili denominasi Kristian terbesar di dunia dari segi takat geografi, dan pada Zaman Pertengahan merupakan salah satu daripada tiga kuasa besar Kristian Eurasia bersama Katolik Latin dan Ortodoks Yunani . [16] Ia menubuhkan keuskupan dan komuniti yang terbentang dari Laut Mediterranean dan Iraq dan Iran hari ini, ke India, kerajaan Mongol dan puak Turki di Asia Tengah, dan China semasa dinasti Tang (abad ke-7–9). Pada abad ke-13 dan ke-14, gereja mengalami tempoh terakhir pengembangan di bawah Empayar Mongol, di mana Gereja berpengaruh Timur duduk di mahkamah Mongol.
Even before the Church of the East underwent a rapid decline in its field of expansion in Central Asia in the 14th century, it had already lost ground in its home territory. The decline is indicated by the shrinking list of active dioceses from over sixty in the early 11th century to only seven in the 14th century.[1] In the aftermath of the division of the Mongol Empire, the rising Buddhist and Islamic Mongol leaderships pushed out the Church of the East and its followers in Central Asia. The Chinese Ming dynasty overthrew the Mongols (1368) and ejected Christians and other foreign influences from China, and many Mongols in Central Asia converted to Islam. The Muslim Turco-Mongol leader Timur (1336–1405) nearly eradicated the hitherto large Christian communities in the Middle East. Church of the East Christianity remained largely confined to ethnic Assyrian communities in Upper Mesopotamia, Southeast Anatolia, Northwest Persia and Northeast Levant, and the Saint Thomas Syrian Christians of the Malabar Coast in the Indian subcontinent. [citation needed]
Gereja menghadapi perpecahan besar pada tahun 1552 berikutan pentahbisan rahib Yohannan Sulaqa oleh Paus Julius III sebagai penentangan kepada Catholicos-Patriarch Shimun VII yang memerintah, yang membawa kepada pembentukan Gereja Katolik Chaldean . Perpecahan berlaku dalam dua puak, tetapi menjelang 1830 dua patriarkat bersatu dan gereja yang berbeza kekal: Gereja Assyria Timur yang tradisionalis dan Gereja Katolik Chaldean. Gereja Purba Timur berpecah daripada patriarkat tradisionalis pada tahun 1968. Pada tahun 2017, Gereja Katolik Chaldean mempunyai kira-kira 628,405 ahli [17] dan Gereja Assyria Timur mempunyai 323,300 hingga 380,000, [18] [19] manakala Gereja Purba 100,000.
lihat juga
- Ancient Church of the East
- Assyrian Genocide
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Saint Thomas Christians
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
- Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
- Christianity in Eastern Arabia
- Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (410)
- Dioceses of the Church of the East after 1552
- Dioceses of the Church of the East to 1318
- Dioceses of the Church of the East, 1318–1552
- List of patriarchs of the Church of the East
- Patriarchs of the Church of the East
- Schism of the Three Chapters
- Synod of Beth Lapat
- Syriac Christianity
- Syriac Orthodox Church
Nota penerangan
- ^ The "Nestorian" label is popular, but it has been contentious, derogatory, and considered a misnomer. See the § Description as Nestorian section for the naming issue and alternate designations for the church.
Petikan
- ^ a b c d e f g Baum & Winkler 2003.
- ^ Orientalia Christiana Analecta. Pont. institutum studiorum orientalium. 1971. m/s. 2. Dicapai pada 2022-06-17.
The Church of Seleucia – Ctesiphon was called the East Syrian Church or the Church of the East.
- ^ Paul, J.; Pallath, P. (1996). Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church in India. Mar Thoma Yogam publications. Centre for Indian Christian Archaeological Research. m/s. 5. Dicapai pada 2022-06-17.
Authors are using different names to designate the same Church : the Church of Seleucia – Ctesiphon, the Church of the East, the Babylonian Church, the Assyrian Church, or the Persian Church.
- ^ Fiey 1994.
- ^ Curtin, D. P. (2021). Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon: Under Mar Isaac. Dalcassian Publishing Company. ISBN 9781088234327.
- ^ Procopius, Wars, I.7.1–2
- Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 62
- ^ Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle, XLIII
- Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 62
- ^ Procopius, Wars, I.9.24
- Greatrex–Lieu (2002), II, 77
- ^ Brock 1996.
- ^ Brock 2006.
- ^ Joseph 2000.
- ^ Wood 2013.
- ^ Moffett, Samuel H. (1992). A History of Christianity in Asia. I: Beginnings to 1500. HarperCollins. m/s. 219.
- ^ Meyendorff 1989.
- ^ a b Brock, Sebastian P; Coakley, James F. "Church of the East". e-GEDSH:Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Dicapai pada 27 June 2022.
The Church of the East follows the strictly dyophysite ('two-nature') christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia, as a result of which it was misleadingly labelled as 'Nestorian' by its theological opponents.
- ^ Winkler, Dietmar (2009). Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China And Central Asia. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-50045-8.
- ^ The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017 Diarkibkan 2018-10-24 di Wayback Machine Retrieved December 2010.
- ^ "Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East – World Council of Churches". oikoumene.org. January 1948.
- ^ Rassam, Suha (2005). Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 166. ISBN 9780852446331.
The number of the faithful at the beginning of the twenty–first century belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East under Mar Dinkha was estimated to be around 385,000, and the number belonging to the Ancient Church of the East under Mar Addia to be 50,000–70,000.
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